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Microbiology
Microbiology - VTT 234
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What antibiotics are effective against both gram positive and gram negative? | Broad spectrum |
| What antibiotics are only effective against gram positive or gram negative, but not both? | Narrow spectrum |
| How can elevation of colony morphology be described? | Flat, raised, convex, drop like |
| Antibiotic dispensers usually have __ antibiotic cartridges in them. | 8 |
| What temperature do you intubate bacteria? | 37° C |
| ___________ kills bacteria. | Bacteriocidal |
| ___________ inhibits replication of bacteria. | Bacteriostatic |
| What 3 factors can cause antibiotic failure? | Microbiological reasons, host failure, drug failure |
| What are some microbiological reasons for drug failure? | Established infection, abscess Tx with poor drainage, acquired drug resistance, wrong bacterial identification, mixed infection |
| What are some reasons for drug failure? | Wrong Rx, incorrect route of administration, incorrect dosage, stopping Tx too early |
| What are some reasons for host failure? | Immunosupression, elimination of competing normal flora |
| ________ drug resistance occurs over time with repeated exposure. | Acquired |
| The minimum dose of antibiotic needed to kill a type of bacteria is called what? | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) |
| ________ ________ applies to the turbidity of a saline and bacteria mixture. | McFarland Standard |
| What is the clear area around an antibiotic disk called? | Zone of Inhibition |
| Results of sensitivity testing can be...? | Sensitive, resistant, intermediate |
| What bacteria is the flesh eating bacteria and strep throat? | S. pyogenes |
| Where can Clostridium tentani be found? | Soil |
| What bacteria causes rocky mountain spotted fever? | Rickettsia rickettsii |
| What bacteria is acquired via cat bites or scratches? | Bartonella hensale |
| What bacteria requires oxygen? | Aerobic |
| Microorganisms found everywhere are considered _________. | Ubiquitous |
| Normal flora is found in and on animals and benefit them by doing what? | Disease resistance, synthesize vitamin K, metabolize drugs, excrete bilirubin |
| A ________ is a microorganism capable of causing disease. | Pathogen |
| Some pathogens are __________, part of normal flora that doesn't normally cause disease until in the wrong place. | Opportunistic |
| The period of time from the initial infection to when clinical signs occur is called an ________ period. | Incubation |
| An organism is called _________ when it is found in a certain geographical region. | Endemic |
| An organism is __________ when there is a sudden increase in the organisms in a certain area. | Epidemic |
| A _________ is an epidemic that spreads through populations over a vast region. | Pandemic |
| What are the structures that make up a microorganism? | Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear body |
| What does the cell wall do? | Give rigidity, protection, shape |
| The ______ ______ is where genetic material is concentrated. | Nuclear body |
| Some bacteria have a _________ that makes it slimy, so WBCs have a hard time destroying it. | Capsule |
| ______ are hair-like structures that help attach to mucous membranes. | Pilli |
| A stage where bacteria forms a hard shell and becomes inactive causes the bacteria to be an _______, which is extremely hard to kill. | Endospore |
| ________ is needed to create an endospore shell. | Calcium |
| What is the ability of a pathogen to produce an infectious disease? | Pathogenicity |
| What are some types of endospires? | Clostridium tetani (anaerobic), bacillus anthracis (aerobic) |
| _________ is the measure of degree of pathogenesis. | Virulence |
| What two ways will bacteria produce disease? | Tissue invasion, toxin production |
| What are some ways bacteria invades tissue? | Capsule, pili, multiply within WBCs, kill WBCs, produce destructive enzymes |
| What are 3 methods of sample collections? | Aspiration, swabbing, scraping |
| ______ ______ can complicate collection, processing and and analysis, so aseptic technique is important. | Normal flora |
| Swabs or ________ must be sterile and are good for 24 to 48 hours. | Culturettes |
| To collect samples from blood, collect __ samples over ___ hours. | 3 samples, over 6 hours |
| _____________ media inhibits growth of a particular organism, but allows another to grow. | Differential-selective |
| ________ media enhances growth and distinguishing characteristics of particular organisms. | Enriched |
| _____________ media enhances growth of particular organisms and inhibits others. | Selective enrichment |
| _______ _______ media allows growth of most organisms without enhancing or inhibiting. | General purpose |
| _______ ______ is an enrichment and differential media that supports growth of most bacteria pathogens. | Blood agar |
| A type of hemolysis that is green, slimy and clear is ______. | Alpha |
| ______ hemolysis is a zone surrounded by hemolysis around a bacteria colony. | Beta |
| ______ produces no hemolysis. | Gamma |
| ______ _____ agar is general purpose media used for sensitivity testing. | Mueller Hinton |
| Label the agar lid with what? | Date, ID, type of specimin |
| "Round" | Coccus |
| "Rods" | Bacillus |
| "Coiled" | Spirochete |
| "Pairs" | Diplo |
| "Chain" | Strepto |
| "Clusters" | Staphylo |
| Gram _______ have a thicker cell wall. | Positive |
| What are the 4 steps to gram staining? | Crystal violet (purple), iodine (seal in purple), alcohol (decolorizer) rinse, safranin |
| Gram negative stains _______ instead of dark purple, like gram positive. | Pink/Red |
| A _______ test on gram positive bacteria causes bubbles if positive. | Catalase |
| A ______ _____ test is done to look for mucous strands produced, if gram negative. | Potassium hydroxide |
| Negative potassium hydroxide (KOH) tests mean _________ bacteria. | Positive |
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