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Chapter 17
Chapter 17 AP World History Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why was France considered an advanced country in the 1700s? | Large population, prosperous foreign trade, center of Enlightenment, culture widely praised and imitated by world |
| What “unrest” existed in France in the 1700s? | Bad harvests, high prices and taxes, disturbing questions raised by Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire |
| Define: Old Regime. | Social and political system of France |
| Define: Estates. | Three large social classes under system |
| Name some privileges of the privileged classes. | Access to high offices, exemptions from paying taxes, not granted to members of third. |
| Describe the 1st Estate. | Owned 10% of French land, provided education and relief services to poor, contributed 2% of income to government |
| Describe the 2nd Estate. | Made up of rich nobles, accounted for 2% of population, owned 20% of land, paid almost no taxes |
| What did the 1st and 2nd Estates think of the Enlightenment ideas? | As radical notions that threatened their status and power |
| Describe the 3rd Estate. | 97% of population, all 3 groups differed greatly in economic conditions |
| Define: Bourgeoisie. | Middle class (bankers, owners, merchants, professionals, artisans) often well educated |
| What did the 3rd Estate think of the Enlightenment ideas? | Believed in its ideals of liberty and equality |
| Describe the workers of France. | 2nd and poorest group within 3rd Estate (tradespeople, apprentices, laborers, domestic servants) |
| Describe the peasants of France. | Largest group within 3rd Estate, paid half their income, resented clergy and nobles |
| What 3 things had caused a desire for change in France? | Enlightenment ideas, economic troubles, weak leader |
| How had the American Revolution influenced the French? | French inspired by success of American Revolution |
| What did the French people begin to demand? | Equality, liberty, and democracy |
| Describe 4 - 5 problems in the French economy. | 1. France’s economy was in decline, causing alarm 2. Production and trade were expanding rapidly 3. Heavy burden of taxes, prices were rising 4. Bad weather, crop failures, grain shortage |
| Why was there so much debt in France? | Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette did extravagant spending; Louis XVI inherited debt from previous kings and borrowed to help American Revolutions |
| Describe Louis XVI. | Indecisive and allowed matters to drift; payed little attention to government advisors; impatient for governing details |
| Describe Marie Antoinette. | Gave Louis poor advice; unpopular with French because was royal family member of Austria, involved in controversial court affairs; spent lots of money; “Madame Deficit” |
| Define: Estate-General. | Assembly of representatives from all 3 estates |
| How did Louis XVI deal with the debt? | Imposed taxes on nobility |
| Which estates controlled the Estates-General & how? | 1st and 2nd Estate |
| What did the 3rd Estate want to change? | Government |
| Identify: Sieyes. | Clergyman sympathetic to 3rd Estate’s cause |
| What was the National Assembly? | 3rd Estate delegates who passed laws and reforms in name of French people |
| What was proclaimed on June 17, 1789? | Establishment of National Assembly |
| What was the first act of revolution? | Proclaiming end of absolute monarchy and beginning of representative government |
| What was the Tennis Court Oath? | Pledge by members of France’s National Assembly, where they vowed to continue meeting until they drew up new constitution |
| How did Louis XVI respond to the Tennis Court Oath? | Stationed his mercenary army of swiss guards around Versailles |
| Define: Mercenaries. | Soldiers paid to fight in foreign armies |
| What rumors spread about the king? | Suggestion that Louis was intent on using military force to dismiss National Assembly |
| How did the people respond to these rumors? | Began to gather weapons to defend city mobs |
| What happened on July 14, 1789? | Mob searching for gunpowder and arms stormed a Paris prison called Bastille |
| Compare July 14th with July 4th. | 14th = French national holiday (Bastille Day); 4th = US national holiday |
| What was the Great Fear? | Wave of senseless panic that spread through French countryside after Bastille storming in 1789 |
| Why did women march to Versailles in October 1789? | Were rioting over rising price of bread |
| What happened at the March to Versailles? | Women brandished knives, oxes, other weapons; demanded National Assembly take action to provide bread; broke into palace and killed guards; demanded Louis and Marie return to Paris |
| What did reformers do the night of August 4, 1789? | Made speeches declaring love of liberty and equality |
| What influenced the Declaration of Rights of Man? | Declaration of Independence |
| What was contained in the Declaration of Rights of Man? | Stated that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights” |
| What was the war slogan of the French Revolution? | “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” |
| What did Olympe de Gouges write? | Declaration of Rights of Women |
| What did the National Assembly do the Catholic Church? | Took over and declared church officials and priests to be elected and paid as state officials |
| What did Louis XVI try to do in June of 1791? | Escape France |
| What did the Constitution of 1791 create? | Limited constitutional monarchy |
| Define: Legislative Assembly & its function. | Legislative body that had power to create laws and approve or reject declarations of war |
| Differentiate between radicals, (lefts) moderates (center), and conservatives (rights). | -Radicals opposed monarchy idea and wanted changes in way government ran -Moderates wanted some changes in government but not as many as radicals -Conservatives upheld idea of limited monarchy and wanted few changes in government |
| Who were the èmigrès and what did they want? | Nobles and others who fled France; hoped to undo Revolution |
| Who were the sans-culottes and what did they want? | Culottes or “those without knee breeches”; wanted Revolution to bring even greater changes in France |
| What did foreign monarchs think about the French Revolution? | Feared similar revolts might break out in own countries |
| Why & on whom was war declared in April of 1792? | On Austria and Prussia because they wanted French to restore Louis to position as absolute monarch |
| How did France do in this war? | Began badly for French |
| What was Tuileries and what happened there? | Palace of the royal family; 20,000 men and women invaded palace |
| What happened in the September massacres? | Citizens raided prisons and murdered over 1,000 prisoners; many nobles, priests, and royalist sympathizers fell victims |
| How did the Legislative Assembly respond to the chaos in France? | Set aside Constitution of 1791 that declared king disposed, dissolved assembly, and called for election of new legislature |
| What was the National Convention and what did they do? | New governing body that quickly abolished monarchy and declared France a republic |
| Identify: Jacobins. | Club members who were part of Jacobin Club radicals |
| Identify: Marat. | Jacobin who edited newspaper and called for death of all who continued to support king |
| Identify: Danton. | Lawyer and Jacobin; club’s most talented and passionate speaker; known for devotion to rights of Paris’s poor people |
| Who lead the National Convention? | Jacobins |
| What did the National Convention do to Louis XVI? | Reduced his role from that of king to citizen and prisoner; tried for treason and sentenced to death with beheading |
| Define: Guillotine. | Machine used for beheading |
| List all the countries that banned together to fight France. | Great Britain, Holland, Spain, Austria, Persia |
| What did the Convention do in February 1793? | Convention ordered draft of 300,000 French citizens between ages 18 - 40 |
| Who were the enemies of the Revolution within France? | Peasants, priests, rival leaders |
| Identify: Robespierre. | Jacobin leader who set out to build “republic of virtue” by wiping out every trace of France’s past |
| What did the radical Jacobins do to religion? | Considered it old-fashioned, dangerous, and closed all churches in Paris |
| What was goal of the Committee of Public Safety? | Protect Revolution from its enemies |
| What happened to the enemies of the revolution? | Tried in morning and guillotined in afternoon |
| What was the period called? | “Reign of Terror” |
| Who was killed in the Reign of Terror? | Fellow radicals and those who wholed Revolution |
| What was the Directory? | Two-house legislature and executive body of five upper middle class men |
| As revealed in 1859 A Tale of Two Cities, what was Charles Dickens’ view of the French Revolution? | Hatred because he didn’t like injustices done to people |
| What was Edmund Burke’s opinion of the revolution? | Fight against injustice |
| What was Thomas Paine’s opinion of the revolution? | Supportive; thought it was great cause |
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