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Agri Business
Marketing & Pricing
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Marketing | Process of planning, pricing, promoting, selling and distributing goods or services which help to satisfy the customer's needs and wants. |
| Goods | Tangible items which posses a monetary value and can be physically seen and touched |
| Services | Involve a task, idea or performance; are received in the form of action |
| Utilities | Attributes of a product which make it capable of satisfying a customer's needs |
| Price | exchange rate used to purchase products or services |
| Product | Items being sold |
| Promotion | refers to decisions about advertising, personal selling, sales promotions, etc. |
| Wholesalers | Obtains goods from the manufacturer and resells them to an industrial user or retailer |
| Retailer | Obtains goods from a manufacturer or wholesaler to sell to the final consumer for personal use. |
| Market share | Firm's percentage of total sales volume within a given market or industry |
| Break-even point | point at which total sales equal total expenses |
| Price competition | Refers to competing for customers solely on the basis of price |
| Brand Loyalty | Exists when customers purchase the same brand over and over |
| Product Value | Often equated with price or prestige |
| Target Market | Specific group of customers to which a product is marketed |
| Supply | Refers to the amount of goods of producer is willing to make and sell |
| Demand | Refers to the amount of goods a customer is willing and able to buy |
| Surpluse | Occurs when supply exceeds demand |
| Shortage | Occurs wen demand exceeds supply |
| Equilibrium | Occurs when supply and demand are the same |
| Demand Elasticity | Refers to situations in which a small change in price, creates a change in demand |
| Inelastic demand | Refers to situations in which a small change in price, has little or no affect on demand |
| Cost-oriented Pricing | Based on projected profit margins |
| Demand-oriented Pricing | Calculated based on what customers are willing to pay |
| Competition Oriented pricing | Used to price products above, below or at the same level as the competition |
| Mark-up | Adding a specific dollar amount to the cost of the goods in order to generate and exact profit percentage. |
| Price fixing | Occurs when competitors arrange fixed prices for specific goods |
| Price Discrimination | Occurs when a company charges similar customers different prices for the same product |
| Price Skimming | Sets a high price for a new product to generate popularity or demand |
| Penetration Pricing | Sets a low price for a new product in order to penetrate the market |
| Price lining | technique used to create standardized price lines |
| Bundle Pricing | Offers complimentary products in a package which is sold at a single rate |
| Geographical Pricing | Refers to price adjustments made based on a customer's locations |
| Odd-even Pricing | Technique which involves setting prices which all end in an odd or even number |
| Prestige Pricing | Sets and artificially high price for a product in order to convey status or quality |
| Multiple-unit Pricing | Pricing technique used to suggest a special deal |
| Everyday Low Prices | Used to convey a message of price consistency |
| Promotional pricing | Marketing approach used in relation to sales promotions or temporary pricing strategies` |
| Seasonal Discounts | Offering customers a lower price during "off-peak" or non-traditional sales times |
| Marketing Research | Process of gathering, analyzing and reporting information about marketing related goods and services. |
| Qualitative Research | Answers Questions about why and how |
| Quantitative Research | Answers Questions about how many or how much |
| Primary Data | Data which is being obtained for the first time |
| Secondary Data | Data which as already been collected |