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Cardiac Emergencies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dogs with cardiac disease usually have a history of what? | coughing (moist, nocturnal), exercise intolerance, labored breathing, cachexia, and sometimes collapse/fainting (syncope) |
| Cats with a history of coughing usually have what? | coughing cats usually have asthma or other pulmonary diseases |
| At rest dogs with congestive heart failure will often have what type of heart rate? | Tachycardic at rest or develop an increased HR with mild exercise (walking) |
| Most animals with cardiac disease will have strong or weak pulses? | Weak |
| Absent pulses and posterior paralysis can be seen in cats with what? | Cardiomyopathy and saddle thrombus |
| Pulse deficits can indicate what 3 types of arrhythmias? | Atrial fibrillation, premature beats, or ventricular tachycardia |
| Jugular vein pulses and ascites (free fluid in the abdomen) may indicate what? | right-sided heart failure |
| Most cardiac emergencies will have what? | concurrent respiratory problems |
| What is heard with pulmonary edema? | Pulmonary crackles and wheezes |
| What are some respiratory symptoms that can occur with cardiac emergencies | Breathing is often labored, with both inspiratory and expiratory dyspnea, and the rate is increased MM’s may be injected, pale, or cyanotic |
| Cats with congestive heart failure are often what? | Hypothermic with a slow heart rate (100-120) with weak pulses |
| What are some diagnostics we can run to diagnose cardiac emergencies? | Auscultation, ECG, Echocardiography |
| Lack of a murmur or tachycardia in a small breed dog usually does what? | Rules out congestive heart failure as the cause of dyspnea |
| When auscultating for suspected cardiac emergencies what are you listening for? | Murmurs, gallop rhythm, or arrhythmias |
| Murmurs in cats are best heard where? | Low along the sternum. |
| For an ECG how should the patient be laying? | Animal should be in right lateral recumbency if possible |
| If the animal is dyspneic what type of EKG can be done? | a standing EKG strip |
| What are ECGs used for? | ECGs are used to evaluate rhythm, identify P-waves & QRS complexes and determine their relationship (a P-wave for every QRS), and to classify arrhythmias and determine if any treatment is needed. |
| How is echocardiography useful for diagnosing cardiac emergencies? | Useful for identifying masses, evaluating valves (mitral valve insufficiency), and assessing wall thickness & motion (cardiomyopathy) as well as chamber size. |
| What is Congestive Heart Failure? | A degenerative disease where the valve leaflets become knobby and thickened. Regurgitating blood causes enlargement of the left atrium and left ventricle |
| When considering the anatomical structures what is the most common cause of congestive heart failure? | Mitral regurgitation - Leakage can increase blood volume and pressure in the left atrium which can increase pressure in the veins leading from the lungs to the heart and resulting in fluid build-up in the lungs |
| What percent of small breed dogs over 10 years of age are affected by congestive heart failure? | 30% |
| What breeds are predisposed to congestive heart failure? | Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Poodles, Mini Schnauzers, Chihuahuas, Cocker Spaniels, Dachshunds, Boston Terriers, & Fox Terriers |
| How long does CHF take to progress? | It depends, but typically it can take years |
| Animals with CHF are literally doing what? | Drowning in their own fluids |
| What do owners need to realize about CHF patients? | That treatment must be aggressive or the animal should be euthanized for humane reasons |
| How will a CHF patient present and progress? | Present with tachypnea, harsh lung sounds, inspiratory crackles that progress to crackles/wheezes throughout respiration with a distinguishable heart murmur |
| Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy is primarily seen in what breeds? | Dobies, “giant” breeds, and other large dogs |
| What are the signs of Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy? | Signs include dyspnea, tachypnea, exercise intolerance, weight loss, ascites, and syncope. Signs, especially the weight loss, can be dramatic and sudden, occurring over 2-4 weeks |
| In boxers canine dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by what? | Severe ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. If the arrhythmias can be controlled they can live 1-3 years before the DCM and heart failure takes them |
| Upon physical examination canine dilated cardiomyopathy shows what symptoms? | On PE, there are weak pulses +/- pulse deficits, soft mitral or tricuspid murmurs, muffled heart and lung sounds if pleural effusion or inspiratory crackles with pulmonary edema |
| Feline dilated cardiomyopathy was caused by what? | taurine deficency |
| What are the 3 feline cardiomyopathies from most to least common? | Hypertrophic, Restricted, Dilated |
| Most cats with cardiomyopathy show what signs? | Most cats have marked respiratory distress, muffled heart/lung sounds, rapid, shallow respirations |
| Feline heart disease can often lead to what? | Feline thromboembolism |
| Feline thromboembolism is also known as what? | Saddle Thrombus |
| What are the "classic" symptoms of a saddle thrombus? | Posterior paresis with weak or absent pulses in the rear limbs; foot pads are pale, and the toenails won’t bleed when cut; the gastrocnemius and tibial muscles are rock hard by 10-12 hrs post-clot |
| Where is the saddle thrombus most commonly located at? | At the aortic trifurcation |
| What may be the first sign of heart disease? | Saddle thrombus |
| What are the causes of Pericardial Disease? | Neoplasia, infectious, hernia, left atrial tear, trauma, coagulopathy, etc |
| What are the signs of Pericardial Disease? | predominantly of right-sided heart failure, pulsus paradoxus (pulse intensity decreases with inspiration) muffled heart sounds, weakness, collapse, syncope, sudden death |
| When does Cardiac tamponade occur? | When enough fluid accumulates in the pericardium to restrict ventricular filling and contraction |
| On radiograph, the heart looks like what? | A basketball |
| What must be performed to diagnose Pericardial Disease? | Pericardiocentesis |
| Sinus tachycardia is due to what? | Underlying condition |
| Atrial tachycardia and atrial flutter are due to what? | Severe underlying structural heart disease |
| Atrial fibrillation is a symptom of what? | serious underlying heart disease |
| With Atrial fibrilation conversion to normal sinus rhythm is likely or not likely | Not likely |
| VPC’s are a sign of what? | Underlying condition |
| Ventricular tachycardia may occur when? | 12-48 hrs after shock, trauma, or GDV |
| VPC stands for what? | Ventricular Premature Contraction |
| What is cachexia | Weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness. |
| Is left sided heart disease considered to be in the thoracic cavity or the abdomen? | The thoracic cavity |
| Is right sided heart disease considered to be in the thoracic cavity or the abdomen? | The abdomen |
| Which test is used to identify masses in the heart? | echocardiography |
| Which test is used to evaluate heart valves for insufficiency? | echocardiography |
| Which test is used to assess wall thickness and motion of the heart? | echocardiography |
| Which test is used to evaluate chamber size of the heart? | echocardiography |
| Which test is used to evaluate the rhythm of the heart? | ECG |
| Which test is used to classify arrhythmias? | ECG |
| Which test is used to identify P-waves, QRS complexes? | ECG |
Created by:
Adeprey4311
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