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VTT Equine 1
breeds/husbandry/etc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Foal | under 1 year, still at mothers side |
| suckling | thoroughbred, still nursing |
| weanling | a horse that has just been weaned |
| yearling | a horse between 1-2yrs of age |
| Short yearling | 1-1.5yrs of age |
| Long yearling | 1.5-2 years of age |
| Colt | male horse under the age of 4 |
| Filly | female horse under the age of 4 |
| Mare | female horse over age 4 |
| Broodmare | female horse used for breeding |
| Stallion/Stud | adult male horse used for breeding |
| Gelding | castrated male horse |
| Mule | product of a female horse and male donkey |
| Hennie | product of a male horse and a female donkey |
| zebroid | product of a zebra and any other equidae |
| Jack | male donkey |
| Jenny | female donkey |
| Which is the slowest movement gait of a horse? | walk |
| a trot is the equivalent of what? | jogging |
| What is the fastest movement gait of a horse? | gallop |
| What is the 2nd fastest movement gait of a horse? | canter |
| What are the western ridding disciplines? | pleasure, stock, cutting |
| What are the English riding disciplines? | saddle seat, dressage, H/J, eventing |
| How are horses measured? | In "Hands" from ground to withers |
| What is a hand? | about 4 in |
| How are miniature horses measured? | from the ground to where the last true hair on their mane falls |
| When grouping by size a horse that is less than 14.2 hands is considered what?? | a pony |
| When grouping by size a horse that is greater than or equal to 14.2 hands is considered what? | a light horse (basically all horses other than draft) |
| heavy/draft horses are classified as such not because of their height but due to their what? | body type |
| When grouping horses by temperament what are the 3 categories? | cold, warm, hot bloods |
| What qualities determine a cold blood horse? | gentle disposition, placid interactive style, usually heavy build horses, thicker coat and mane, good with children |
| What are cold blood horses most often used for? | farming and hauling |
| examples of cold blood horses | American cream, Clydesdale, Percheron |
| What qualities determine a warm blood horse? | bred to be lighter and more athletic, while maintaining good temperament. |
| What are warm blood horses most often used for? | riding and light work |
| examples of warm blood horses | quarter horse, Hanoverian, |
| What qualities determines a hot blood horse? | lighter bodies, fast hot tempered, high strung |
| What are hot blood horses most often used for? | racing and conformation |
| Examples of hot blood horses | Arabian, Andalusian, Thoroughbred |
| miniature horses can be how tall? | 9.5 hands |
| What are the common uses of miniature horses? | companion animal, service animal |
| A black horse is described as: | black coat with black points, NO BROWN OR RED black can be shades of faded or non faded black. MAY have white markings on face and legs |
| A chestnut/Sorrel horse is described as: | red coat with red points, color can range from dark red/brown, deep red, light red. |
| The term chestnut is used if the horse is what? | a thoroughbred |
| the term Sorrel is used when the horse is what? | Quarter horse |
| A grey horse os described as: | Born a dark color, usually dilutes with age, dark skin/dark eyes, despite possible white coat |
| A white horse is described as: | A horse that is white from birth, has pink skin, can have blue eyes, Heterozygous Ww trait, WW is considered lethal white and foals are usually aborted or stillborn |
| A bay horse is described as: | brown body (either light or dark) with black points (all 4 legs, mane and tail) MAY have white markings |
| A buckskin horse is described as: | tanned deer color hide, cream to bronze, black or brown points, +/- dorsal stripe |
| A Dun horse is described as: | cream to smutty brown coat color, dirty black-smutty brown points, dorsal stripe required |
| A palomino horse is described as | gold body (ranging from off white to deep gold) flaxen mane and tail (white to cream) |
| A Tobiano horse is described as: | base color of varies: bay, black, brown, or red. Large white patches (white must be extending over the back) |
| An Overo horse is described as: | base color varies: bay, black, brown, red. Small white areas on body. White does NOT extend over the back |
| An appaloosa horse is described as: | base color varies: bay, black, brown, grey, red, red roan, blue roan, etc. Spotted. Stripped hooves, mottled skin, |
| A red roan horse is described as: | base color or red/sorrel with white hairs mixed in |
| A blue roan horse is described as: | base color of dark or slate grey with white hair mixed in |
| How are horses identified? | natural and artificial markings |
| What are examples of natural markings? | white markings, coat color, whorls (cowlicks), scars, muscle indentations (wizard or warlocks indentation) |
| name the 3 types of artificial markings | tattoos, brands, microchips |
| Where are horses tattooed? | inside of upper lip |
| What are the 4 types of facial markings? | star, stripe, snip, blaze, bald |
| To be considered a bald facial marking the white must extend all the way to what? | the eyes |
| which leg marking is a tiny band? | coronet |
| Which leg marking extends the highest? | stocking |
| Which leg marking goes up to the pastern? | pastern |
| The leg marking described as a sock falls in between what? | stocking and pastern |
| What are the most common areas to see whorls, cowlicks, or swirls in a horses coat? | forehead, crest of neck, jugular grove |
| The 1st letter of a race horse's tattoo indicates what? | the year the horse was foaled |
| Where are brands commonly placed? | left or right hip, left or right shoulder, or the crest of the neck |
| Where are microchips placed? | subcutaneous at the crest of the neck or base of the ear |
| What is the dental formula for a horse? | I 3/3 C 1/1, P 4/4, M 3/3= 44 |
| What does hind gut fermenting refer to? | cellulose is digested with the help of a symbiotic bacteria |
| what is the approximate stomach capacity of a horse? | 2-4 gallons |
| How long is a horses esophagus? | 50-60 inches |
| Why can't horses vomit or regurgitate? | because the esophagus can only retract in one direction |
| How is a horses stomach similar to humans? | enzymatic digestion |
| How long is the small intestine of a horse? What % is this of their GI tract? | 50-60ft 30% |
| The hind gut is made up of what? | cecum and large intestine |
| What does the hind gut do? | microbial fermentation |
| What is the purpose of husbandry? | to maintain clean environment to promote health of animals, provide food and water to promote healing and health, decrease consumption of dirt/foreign materials while eating |
| What complications can arise from improper husbandry practices? | nosocomial infections due to improper sanitation, entanglement of limbs in improperly secured hay nets, anorexia, colic, bloating, due to inappropriate type or delivery of food |
| What are the 4 main types of horse housing? | pasture/paddock, pipe corral/pen, box stall w/pen, foaling stall |
| What is the difference between a pasture and a paddock? | a paddock is smaller than a pasture |
| How much land should be provided for each horse? | at least 1.5 acres |
| How tall should fencing be to contain horses? | 4-6 feet tall |
| Which is better barbed wire or electrical fencing? | electrical |
| How big are box stalls? | at least 12 x 12 |
| What are common types of flooring for horse stalls? | concrete, rubber mats, dirt |
| how often should stalls be mucked out? | 1-2x daily ( once being acceptable unless horse is messy |
| What does stall stripping refer to? | removal of everything from the stall (bedding etc..) cleaning the whole stall down/disinfecting, replacing all bedding |
| how big are foaling stalls? | 12x24 |
| What type of bedding should be used in a foaling stall (and with foals in general) why? | straw, to prevent black walnut toxicity |
| When should a mare be moved into a foaling stall? | at least 1 month prior to parturition |
| What is the used to clean a stall? | remove large piles of manure, sift through bedding to remove any remaining smaller bits of manure, remove wet bedding, replace bedding, clean and refill water buckets |
| What are the common types of bedding used with horses? | straw, wood shavings, peat moss, sawdust, shredded newspaper, wood pellets |
| What type of straw is used as bedding? | oat or wheat straw |
| What are the benefits of using straw bedding? | less gram negative bacteria, less likely to get into wounds or under bandages, preferred for foaling mares and young foals. |
| What are the drawbacks of using straw bedding? | naturally dusty, less absorbent, not a good choice for patients with respiratory conditions |
| What are the benefits of using wood shaving bedding? | less dusty than straw, good cushion effect, good absorbency, horses are less likely to eat it |
| What are the drawbacks of using wood shaving bedding? | gets into wounds and under bandages, harbors gram negative bacteria, (acute laminitis secondary to black walnut toxicity) |
| What equipment is needed to groom a horse? | curry comb(rubber or metal),mud brush, dandy brush, soft brush, finishing brush/ clean rag or towel, mane and tail comb, hoof pick, hoof polish & moisturizer, fly spray |
| How is a curry comb used? what does it do? | in a firm circular motion, loosens dirt and hair |
| What areas of the body can a curry comb be used? | fleshy areas, not legs or face |
| What are the steps to horse grooming? | curry comb, brushing, hoof cleaning, sanitation |
| How long do a horses hooves grow in a month? | 1/4-1/2 in |
| How often should a horses hooves be trimmed? | every 6-8 weeks |
| horses are ____________ herbivores | monogastric |
| nutrient requirements vary from horse to horse depending on what? | age, gestation, lactation, work, enviroment |
| What are the general nutritional requirements of a horse? | water, energy, protein, vitamins, minerals |
| What is the average daily water consumption of a horse? | 5-10 gallons per day |
| What can increase water intake? | copious sweating |
| How can you prevent a horse from "tanking up" (drinking too much water to quickly) | allow 30 minutes to cool down after vigorous work/exercise before allowing horse to drink |
| Where do horses get protein? | hay or pasture (roughage), legumes (alfalfa/clover) grass ( orchard, timothy, bluegrass, etc...) |
| Where do horses get carbohydrates? | corn, oats, barley, COB |
| Grains the are rolled, cracked or steamed are what? | more easily digested |
| What is higher in calcium alfalfa or grass? | alfalfa |
| are grains a good source of calcium? | no they are in fact deficient in calcium |
| What is the appropriate calcium to phosphorus ratio for the everyday horse? | 1:1 |
| How is the amount to be fed to a horse calculated? | based on body weight and body condition score |
| How much should the average horse be fed? | maintenance is 1.5% of body weight per day |
| How often should horses be fed? | minimum of 2x daily, however if it can be split into more that is great as horses are grazers and prefer several smaller meals |
| How much grain is added per hour for light activity? | 0.5-1.5 # |
| How much grain is added per hour of moderate activity? | 2-3# |
| How much grain is added per hour of heavy activity? | >4 # |
| What are some nutrition concerns with working horses? | fluid losses, extra calories (energy) need for growth, extra protein needed to develop and repair muscles |
| How do nutritional requirements of a mare in the 1st 7 months of gestation compare to the maintenance amount fed at time of breeding? | the mare will eat about the same amount of food during the first 7 months of her pregnancy |
| How much should a broodmares food intake increase in the 9th month of pregnancy? | 11% above mainetenance |
| how much should a broodmares food intake increase in the 10th month of pregnancy? | 13% above maintenance |
| How much should a broodmares food intake increase in the 11th month of pregnancy? | 20% above maintenance |
| When should a broodmares calcium and phosphorus intake be increased during pregnancy? | during the 7th-8th month, and further increased in the 9th-11th months |
| What is the zinc/copper ratio needed during pregnancy in horses? | 3:1 |
| low levels of copper is associated with what? | osteochondrosis |
| At what age does mother milk no longer fulfill the nutritional requirements of a growing foal? | 2 months |
| At what age will foals begin to nibble on grains and hay? | 3 weeks of age |
| Foals should be completely weaned by what age? | 6 months |
| What is creep feeding? | slow introduction of new foods |
| How much water should foals drink daily by 1 month of age? | 4kg |
| At 1 month old how much milk is a foal drinking each day | approx. 17.4kg |
| What are the main electrolytes lost with sweat? | sodium, chloride, and potassium |
| When oral electrolyte supplementation is needed how should it be given? | 1/2 before work, 1/2 after completion of work |
| the moisture content of horse foods (hay etc..) should not exceed what? Why? | 15% to reduce the chance of mold growth |
| What causes enteroliths? | high levels of mineral concentration, high alfalfa diets, no wheat bran, high cecum pH (alkaline) |
| What is the dental formula for horses? | 2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 3/3) = 44 |
| What is the vertebral formula for horses? | C7, T18, L6, S5, Coccygeal 15-21 |
Created by:
Adeprey4311
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