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VTT Pharmacology 2
Nervous system anatomy and ANS Drugs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | ]constant internal environment |
| What does the nervous system do? | The body's primary communication and control center, Functions in harmony with the endocrine system (allows adaptations to the bodies external environment) |
| What are the 3 functions of the nervous system? | Sensory, Integrative (analysis), and motor (action) |
| Describe sensory nerve function | senses changes in the environment and within the body |
| Describe Integrative nerve function | interprets the information detected by sensory nerves |
| Describe motor nerve function | Responds to information by bringing out an appropriate response |
| What is the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system?? | The nervous system send messages rapidly along its network of fibers with the help of ion exchange. The endocrine system responds more slowly by releasing hormones in the blood stream to target organs/tissues |
| how does the nervous system control the endocrine system? | The nervous system exerts control over the endocrine by way of the hypothalamus influencing the pituitary gland |
| What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system? | 1.Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) 2. Peripheral nervous system (everything else) |
| What is the function of the CNS? | CNS is the bodies control center, all sensory information must be relayed to the CNS before it can be interpreted and acted upom |
| What is the function of the PNS? | Nerve processes that connect the CNS with glands, muscles and receptors in the body |
| Pharmacokinetics | The study of how a drug moves into, through, and out of the body |
| Pharmacodynamics | The study of how a drug produces effects on the body |
| What is the purpose of the loading dose? | To raise the drug concentration in the animals body to a therapeutic level in a short amount of time |
| Parenteral | beyond, beside or apart from the intestines. Drugs given by injection are considered to be parenteraly administered |
| Lipophilic | "fat loving" a lipophilic drug is one that can readily dissolve in fats or oils. Lipophilic drugs can pass through a cell membrane. Lipophilic drug molecules tend to be non-polarized and non-ionized |
| What is a cell membrane primarily made up of?? | phospholipids |
| Hydrophilic | "Water loving" dissolves readily in water, has a difficult time passing through the cell membrane by passive diffusion. Hydrophilic drugs are either polarized (contains charges at the ends of the molecules) or Ionized (positive or net negative charge) |
| Bioavailability | The degree to which an administered drug is absorbed. The letter F is sometime used to represent bioavailability |
| Hepatic portal system | Conducts blood from the intestines to the liver |
| What is the purpose of the hepatic portal system? | To allow the liver to remove potential toxins and other substances before they reach systemic circulation |
| First- pass effect | The phenomenon by which the liver removes so much of the drug that little of it reaches systemic circulation |
| Xenobiotic | a foreign substance-a chemical compound (as a drug, pesticide or carcinogen) that is foreign to a living organism |
| Bioavailability | The degree to which an administered drug is absorbed. Sometimes represented by the letter F |
| F-1 | means that 100% of the administered drug makes it to systemic circulation, therefore it is 100% bioavailable |
| What is the hepatic portal system | conducts blood from the intestines to the liver |
| What is the of the hepatic portal system? | to allow the liver to remove any potential toxins and other substances before they reach systemic circulation |
| first pass effect | The phenomenon in which the liver removes so much of the drug that little of it reaches systemic circulation |
| xenobiotic | a foreign substance- a chemical compound (drug, pesticide, or carcinogen) the is foreign to a living organism |
| What makes the blood brain barrier? | continuous capillary walls (no fenestrations) as well as astrocytes and glial cells which surround the capillaries, providing extra membrane barriers through which drugs must pass from the blood to the brain |
| What is the function of the blood brain barrier? | to control passage of substances ( drugs, toxins etc...) from the bloodstream into the central nervous system |
| What is the downside of the BBB?? | It also prevents distribution of drugs which are not lipophilic |
| Name 2 other areas of the body that have something similar to the BBB? | The prostate gland and the globe of the eye |
| Is the placenta a good protective barrier for the fetus against drugs? | No, the capillaries of the placenta have fenestration which allow most drugs to pass easily for maternal to fetal circulation. Some drugs that gain access to the fetus can cause developmental disruptions, spontaneous abortion, or fetal malformation |
| What is the significance of protein bound drugs? | The chemical properties of some drugs cause a portion of the drug to bind to proteins in the blood. Due to the large size of the proteins, these drugs tend to remain in systemic circulation because the cannot fit through capillary fenestrations |
| What is the significance of the free form drug? | The drug in free form is small enough to fit through the capillary fenestration, therefore they distribute more easily |
| Agonist | produces a cellular effect and has an intrinsic activity |
| Antagonist | blockers or dampens agonist mediated responses rather than provoking a biological response itself, upon binding with a receptor |
| Affinity | Attraction, or the tendency of a molecule to associate with another. The affinity of a drug is its ability to bind with its biological target (receptor,enzyme,transport system, etc..) |
| Partial agonist | Drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor but only have partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist |
| Chelator | types of compounds used as drugs that physically combine with ions (calcium, magnesium, etc..) or other specific compounds in the environment to produce their effect |
| Biotransformation | a.k.a drug metabolism, describes the alteration of drugs by enzymes & chemical reactions in the body before they are eliminated. ( usually a 2-step process) |
| prodrug | drug which requires biotransformation to become active |
| What is active secretion? | A process in which some drug molecules are actively transferred from the peritubular capillaries to the urine |
| What is the advantage of this? | because molecules are transferred using an active transport mechanism, the final drug concentration of the urine does not depend on the concentration gradient from blood to urine |
| half life of elimination | The rate at which the drug leaves the body, A time value that describes how long the drug concentration (usually measure int he blood) takes to decrease by 50% |
| What is drug withdrawal time | The time (usually expressed in days) after a drug administration during which the animal cannot be sent to market for slaughter and eggs and milk must be discarded |
| What maintains homeostasis within the body? | the nervous system |
| What are the 3 functions of the nervous system/ | sensory, integrative, motor |
| sensory nerve function | senses changes in the environment as well as within the body |
| integrative nerve function? | interprets information collect by the sensory function |
| motor nerve function? | responds to the interpretation made by the integrative function by bringing about an action |
| What is the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system? | The nervous system sends messages rapidly along its network of fibers with the help of ion exchange, the endocrine system responds more slowly by releasing hormones into the blood stream to target tissues/organs |
| What are the 2 main division of the nervous system? | CNS- Central nervous system, PNS- Peripheral nervous system |
| What makes up the CNS? | Brain and spinal cord |
| What is the function of the CNS? | CONTROL CENTER all sensory info must be relayed tp the CNS before it can be interpreted and acted upon |
| What is the function pf the PNS? | nerve processes that connect the CNS with the glands, muscles, and receptors in the body |
| cerebral cortex | interprets sensory input, memory, learning |
| Thalamus | relays sensory data from the cerebellum, spinal cord and brain stem TO the cerebral cortex, also pain perception |
| Medulla Oblongata | Carries sensory and motor input between the brain and SC also controls vital function, vomiting, coughing, swallowing, BP, body temperature, breathing and hunger |
| Hypothalamus | controls the pituitary gland |
| Reticular formation | contains the reticular activating system which is responsible for sleeping, waking and consciousness |
| Dendrite | Receives messages and carries them toward the nerve cell body |
| Synaptic end bulb | Pass neurotransmitters (message) into the gap/junction (synapse) |
| Axon | carries messages away from the body of the nerve cell |
| How many pairs of cranial nerves? | 12 |
| Spinal nerves | connect the spinal cord to structures such as organs, skin, or skeletal muscle |
| Cranial Nerves | attach to under surface of the brain, conduct impulses between the brain and structures in the head, neck and thorax |
| What are the 2 portions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) | Afferent and Efferent |
| Afferent | nerve cells that carry info from receptors in the periphery of the body to the CNS ****SENSORY**** |
| Efferent | Nerve cells that carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands ****MOTOR******* |
| What are the 2 branches of the PNS? | Somatic and Autonomic |
| Somatic nervous system | under voluntary control, stimulates skeletal muscle fibers through motor nerves |
| Autonomic nervous system | involuntary functions, efferent (motor) nerves to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands |
| What are the 2 divisions of the AUTONOMIC nervous system? | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
| What neurotransmitter does the adrenal cortex produce? | adrenalin |
| What 3 areas of the body have sympathetic innervation only? | adrenal medulla, sweat glands, hair follicles |
| Miosis | pupil constriction |
| Mydriasis | pupil dilation |
| Autonomic nervous system controls visceral functions such as??? | Gi Motility, rate and force of heart beat, glandular secretion, pupil size |
| Parasympathetic | cholinergic- rest and repose response |
| sympathetic | adrenergic - fight or flight response |
| How many types of neurons does the autonomic nervous system have? | 2 |
| How many types neurons does the somatic nervous system have?? | 1 |
| axon of the 1st ANS neurons are? | pre-ganglionic or pre-synaptic neurons |
| axon of the 2nd ANS neuron are? | post-ganglionic or post synaptic neurons |
| Neurotransmitters "chemical bridge" | Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, GABA- Gamma aminobutryic acid |
| How do CNS drugs act? | by mimicking or blocking the effect of neurotransmitters |
| The parasympathetic nervous system is affected by what type of drugs? | cholinergic drugs |
| Primary neurotransmitters at sympathetic (adrenergic)sites | epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine |
| Primary neurotransmitters at sympathetic (muscarinic) sites? | Acetylcholine |
| Primary neurotransmitters at parasympathetic (cholinergic) sites? | Acetylcholine |
| Alpha | causes excitation or increased activity of their target organ (except the gi tract) |
| Alpha are primarily activated by what neurotransmitter? | Norepinephrine |
| Alpha 1 receptors | arterioles/veins-constriction, glands-decreases secretions, eye-pupil dilation, intestine-decrease motility, urinary bladder-bladder sphincter constriction |
| Alpha 2 receptors | skeletal muscle - constriction, Beta-islet cells of the pancreas-decrease secretion of insulin |
| Beta | causes relaxation or decreased activity of their target organ ( EXCEPT HEART MUSCLE) |
| Beta are primarily activated by what neurotransmitter? | Epinephrine |
| Beta 1 receptors | Heart- increased heart rate, contractility, conduction, velocity |
| Beta 2 receptors | Arterioles/veins (except in skin and brains)- vasodilation |
| Beta 2 agonists are used for what condition? | Asthma (cause bronchodilaton) |
| DOPAMINERGIC receptors | Vasodilation of vessels in kidneys, heart and GI tract |
| Anuric | kidneys not producing urine |
| Oliguria | scanty urine being produced by kidneys |
| Parasympathetic (cholinergic) receptors | Nicotinic, Muscarinic |
| Drugs which mimic the natural neurotransmitters do so by? | binding tot he receptor sites themselves,(direct) OR stimulating the release of neurotransmitter from the end bulb but do not bind to the receptors themselves (indirect) OR inhibit the breakdown of the neurotransmitter(indirect) |
| Drugs that inhibit or block the natural neurotransmitter do so by? | binding to the receptor site themselves, thus not allowing the neurotransmitter to bind |
| Metoclopramide | controls vomiting, increases peristalsis (not used in GI obstruction |
| organophosphate toxicity is reversed using what | atropine (anticholinergic drugs) |
| how is Atropine used for eye exam? | Dilates pupils, decrease cilliary spasms therefore reducing pain |
| Pralidoxime | reactivate aceytlcholinesterase to treat organophosphate toxicity |
| What type of drug can be used to prolong the effects of local anesthetics? | sympathomimetic drugs such as epinephrine |
| vasopresser | raises blood pressure (Norepinephrine) |
| Sympathomimetic drugs | dopamine,ephedrine,terbutaline, albuterol, xylazine, Dexmetotomidine |
| True sedative? | Xylazine |
| What sympathomimetic drug can be used to increase renal perfusion? | Dopamine |
| Phenylpropanalomine | used to treat incontinence in female dogs who develop hormone responsive incontinence post OVH |
| Acepromazine | decreases the seizure threshold |
| reversal for dexmetotomidine | atipamizole (equal volume) |
| Propanolol | used to improve cardiac performance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
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