Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
DU PA Salt and Water
Duke PA Salt and Water
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Water constitutes __% of total body weight in humans | 60 |
| Total body water is inversely proportional to the amount of __ | body fat |
| __ are the major cations of the intracellular space | potassium and magnesium |
| __ are the major anions of the intracellular space | phosphate and protein |
| __ are the major anions of the extracellular space | chloride and bicarbonate |
| __ is the major cation of the extracellular space | sodium |
| __ determines the movement of fluid across the cell membrane | osmotic gradient |
| Except for transient changes, the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments are in __ | osmotic equilibrium |
| The transfer of fluid between the vascular and interstitial compartments occurs across the capillary wall and is governed by the balance between ___ | hydrostatic pressure gradients and plasma oncotic pressure gradients |
| Hemodynamic alterations to a perceived volume reduction | tachycardia, vasoconstriction, venoconstriction |
| Renal conservation of salt and water lags behind hemodynamic alterations to a perceived volume reduction by __ hours | 12-24 |
| __ promotes salt and water retention in the kidneys | ADH |
| __ is released from the atrial myocytes in response to atrial stretch associated with volume expansion | atrial natriuretic peptide |
| __ increases GFR and inhibits sodium reabsorption in the collecting ducts | atrial natriuretic peptide |
| __% of total body blood is in the atrial compartment | 15 |
| True volume depletion | decrease in effective circulating volume and extracellular fluid volume |
| When volume depletion occurs from renal losses the urine is inappropriately __ | dilute and sometimes rich in salt |
| Mild volume depletion may be associated with __ | orthostatic dizziness and tachycardia |
| Patients with severe volume depletion may exhibit __ | vasoconstriction, hypotension, mental obtundation, cool extremities, and negligible urine output |
| vasoconstrictor hormones released in response to hypovolemia | catecholamine, angiotensin II |
| if doubt exists about the state of hydration, measurement of the pulmonary __ permits assessment of the intravascular volume status | capillary wedge pressure |
| nearly all of the volume of solution containing __ are retained in the extrarenal space | 0.9% sodium chloride and colloid |
| __ are the preferred parenteral solutions for the treatment of hypovolemia | 0.9% sodium chloride and colloid |
| only 1/3 of infused __ remains in the extracellular compartment | 5% glucose in water (D5W) |
| __ occurs when salt and water intake exceeds renal and extrarenal losses | volume expansion |
| sever hypoalbuminemia associated with liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, or severe malnutrition may lead to __ | edema |
| the mainstay in treating volume excess is ___ | dietary sodium restriction in combination with diuretics |
| Diuretics enhance | natriuresis by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and water |
| most patients with nephrotic syndrome have increased effective circulating volume resulting from | primary renal sodium retention |
| ___ inhibit sodium, chloride and potassium cotransporter of the thick ascending loop of henle | loop diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide) |
| loop diuretics __ calcium excretion | promote |
| thiazide diuretics __ calcium excretion | decrease |
| __inhibit the sodium and chloride cotransporter of the distal tubule | thiazide diurtetics |
| __ are useful in managing hypercalcemia | thiazide diuretics |
| __ are useful in managing calcium stone formation | loop diuretics |
| potassium sparing diuretics | spironolactone (aldosterone agonist), amiloride (sodium channel blocker) |
| decreases sodium reabsorption in the cortical collecting duct | spironolactone (aldosterone agonist), amiloride (sodium channel blocker) |
| because __ is the major cation in ght ECF, disorders of osmolality are generally reflected by and abnormal __ concentration | sodium |
| __ causes renal water conservation by increasing water permeability and water reabsorption in the collecting ducts | ADH |
| baroreceptors in the venous and arterial circulation stimulate __ release throu neuronal pathways when the EDF volume is reduced by about 10% | ADH |
| Hyperglycemia and the use of mannitol may result in __ because of a water shift from the intracellular to extracellular space | hyponatremia |
| most hyponatremic disorders are associated with | hypo-osmolality |
| failure to suppress ADH secretion in response to hypotonicity | SIADH |
| in most instances hypernatremia is caused by __ rather than by sodium gain | excess water loss |
| __ is a powerful stimulus for thirst | hypertonicity of the plasma |
| patients unable to sense thirst or with a lack of available water may develop | hypernatremia |
| a disorder in which the collecting tubule is impermeable to water | diabetes insipidus |
| hypernatremia that is associated with hypovolemia implies __ in addition to the water deficit | a sodium deficit |
| hypernatremia that is associated with hypovolemia requires __ | isotonic saline infusion |
| administration of fluids that are __ relative to the urine corrects hypernatremia | hypotonic |
| the ascending limb of the loop of henle is __ to water | impermeable |
| the ascending limb of the loop of henle is __ to NaCl | permeable |
| the descending limb of the loop of henle is __ to water | permeable |
| if the blood is hypoosmolar then ADH will be turned __ | off |
| if the blood is hyperosmolar then ADH will be turned __ | on |
| if the blood is hypoosmolar and ADH is turned on this is called __ | SIADH |
| function of ADH | increases water retention and results in a more concentrated urine, increases blood volume, decreases serum osmolalit |
| __ is a powerful vasoconstricor and increases cardiac output | angiotensin II |
| __ initiates the active transport of Na from the distal tubules and collecing ducts into the bloodstream. this promotes the reabsorption of water | aldosterone |
| major stimulus for angiotensin II | low ECV, beta-adrenergics (via renin release) |
| major site of action of angiotensin II | proximal convoluted tubule |
| major stimulation of aldosterone | angiotensin II, hyperkalemia |
| major site of action of aldosterone | cortical distal nephron |
| major stimulus for atrial naturetic factor | vascular volume expansion |
| major site of action for atrial naturetic factor | GFR, medullary CD |
| __% of body water is in the ICF | 60 |
| __% of body water is in the ECF | 40 |
| __% of ECF is intravascular | 20 |
| __% of ECF is interstitial | 80 |
| effective circulating volume is the same as | intravascular volume |
| hyperosmolar is the same thing as | less water |
| hypoosmolar is the same thing as | more water |
| effective plasma osmolality is calculated by | 2Na + glucose/18 |
| nomral saline is given for | intravascular fluid volume resuscitation |
| D5W is given for | dehydration |
| __ is a true vascular volume expander | packed red blood cells |
| if the serum is hyperosmotic the urine should be __ | hyperosmotic |
| if the serum is hypoosmotic the urine should be __ | hypoosmotic |
| if the kidneys are unable to to concentrate urine this is called | diabetes insipidus |
| in SIADH if the serum osmolality is low the urine osmolality will be | high |
| in DI or low ADH if the serum osmolality is high then the urine osmolality will be | low |
| if the patient is hyponatremic, hypovolemic treat with | normal saline |
| if the patient is hyponatremic and euvolemic treat with | H2O restriction, hypertonic Na |
| if the patient is hyponatremic and hypervolemic treat with | H2O and Na restriction |
| when a patient is in DKA you give them __ until the anion gap normalizes then you give them insulin | fluids |
| in hyponatremia always correct sodium to __ | 125 |
| in hyponatremia correct the sodium at __ mEq/L/hr | 0.5 |
| if you correct hyponatremia too fast you can cause | demylenation of neurons in the Pons |
| hypernatremia and hypovolmia treat with | hypotonic saline |
| hypernatremia and euvolemia treat with | water replacement |
| hypernatremia and hypervolemia treat with | water and diuretics |
| don't use __ when treating diabetes insipidus | loop diuretics |
| major complication of rapid correction of chronic hypernatremia is __ | cerebral edema |
| safe initial correction of hypernatremia is at the rate of __mEq/L/hr | 0.5 |
| hypernatremia with severe hypovolemia treat with | 0.9% saline |
| with a patient that is hypernatremic bring the Na to | 140 |
Created by:
bwyche
Popular Medical sets