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VT Terminology Ch6
Chapter 6 Veterinary Technician Terminology "Gut Instincts"
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| digestive system, alimentary system, gastrointestinal system, and GI system | terms used to describe the body system that is a long, muscular tube beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus |
| aliment/o | the combining form for nourishment |
| oral cavity | lips and cheeks, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium |
| or/o and stomat/o | the combining forms for mouth |
| gnath/o | the combining form for jaw |
| prognathia | an elongated mandible, or mandible that is overshot |
| brachygnathia | a shortened mandible, or a mandible that is undershot |
| labia | the medical term for lips |
| labium | a single lip |
| cheil/o and labi/o | the combining forms for lips |
| bucc/o | the combining for cheek |
| buccal | pertaining to or directed toward the cheek |
| palate | forms the roof of the mouth |
| hard palate | forms the bony rostral portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane |
| rugae | specialized mucous membrane contains irregular folds |
| rug/o | the combining form for wrinkle or fold |
| soft palate | forms the flexible caudal portion of the palate; involved in closing off the nasal passage during swallowing so food does not move into the nostrils |
| palat/o | the combining form for palate |
| tongue | a movable muscular organ in the oral cavity used for tasting and processing food, grooming and articulating sound. |
| papiilae | elevations |
| filiform | threadlike papillae |
| fungiform | mushroomlike papillae |
| vallate | cup-shaped papillae |
| frenulum | a band of connective tissue connected to the ventral surface of the oral cavity |
| gloss/o and lingu/o | the combining forms for tongue |
| lingual | pertaining to the tongue |
| dent/o dent/i and odont/o | the combining forms for teeth |
| dentition | the teeth as a whole; the teeth arranged in the maxillary (upper) and the mandibular (lower) arcades |
| deciduous dentition | the temporary set of teeth that erupt in young animals and are replaced at or near maturity; also known as "primary dentition" |
| decidu/o | the combining form for shedding |
| permanent dentition | the set of teeth designed to last the lifetime of an animal |
| retained deciduous tooth | the deciduous tooth that has not been shed |
| incisor | front tooth used for cutting; an incision is a cut ; abbreviated " I " |
| canine | long, pointed bonelike tooth located between the incisors and premolars; also called "fang" and "cuspid"; abv. " C " |
| cuspid | having one point; long pointed bonelike tooth located between the incisors and premolars; abv. " C " |
| premolar | cheek tooth found between the canine teeth and molars; also called "bicuspids"; abv. " P " |
| molar | most caudally located permanent cheek tooth used for grinding; abv. " M " |
| dental formula | represents the type of tooth and the number of each tooth type found in that species |
| enamel | hard white substance covering the dentin of the crown of the tooth |
| cementum | bonelike connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth |
| dentin | connective tissue surrounding the tooth pulp |
| pulp | consists of nerves, blood vessels, and loose connective tissue |
| apical foramen | the hole at the tip of the root where nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth |
| periodontia | structures that support the teeth |
| alveoli | sockets or saclike dilations that teeth are situated in |
| alveolar bone | thin layer of compact bone that forms the tooth socket |
| periodontal ligament | fibrous structure that holds the tooth in the alveolus |
| gingiva | mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth and forms the lining of the mouth |
| gingiv/o | the combining form for gums |
| gingival sulcus | space that surrounds the tooth |
| salivary glands | a group of cells located in the oral cavity that secrete a clear substance containing digestive enzymes |
| saliva | moistens food, begins the digestive process by aiding in bolus formation and some digestive enzyme activity, and cleanses the mouth |
| mandibular salivary glands | salivary glands found near the mandible |
| sublingual salivary glands | salivary glands found under the tongue |
| zygomatic salivary glands | salivary glands found medial to the zygomatic arch |
| paratoid salivary glands | salivary glands found near the ear |
| para- | prefix meaning near |
| ot/o | the combining for ear |
| sialaden/o and sial/o | the combining forms for saliva and salivary glands |
| pharynx | cavity in the caudal oral cavity that joins the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems; also known "throat" |
| pharyng/o | the combining form for pharynx |
| esophagus | a collapsible, muscular tube that leads from the oral cavity to the stomach; also known as "gullet" |
| esophag/o | the combining for esophagus |
| sphincter | a ringlike muscle that constricts an opening |
| abdomen | cavity located between the diaphragm and pelvis |
| abdomin/o and ceil/o | the combining forms for abdomen |
| lapar/o | the combining forms for the abdomen and flank |
| peritoneum | the membrane lining that covers the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| parietal peritoneum | the layer of the peritoneum that covers the wall of the abdomen and pelvis |
| visceral peritoneum | the layer of the peritoneum that covers the organs in the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| lesser omentum | a fold of peritoneum that connects the stomach to other visceral organs |
| greater omentum | a fold of peritoneum that connect the stomach to the dorsal abdominal wall |
| gastr/o | the combining form for stomach |
| monogastric | is a classification of animals that have one true stomach |
| ruminant | is a classification of animals that have one glandular stomach as well as 3 forestomachs (the rumen, recticulum, and omasum) |
| glandular stomach | produces secretions for digestion |
| cardia | entrance area located nearest the esophagus |
| fundus | base of an organ, which is the cranial, rounded part |
| body | main portion of an organ,which is the rounded base or bottom; also called the "corpus" |
| antrum | caudal part, which is the constricted part of the stomach that joins the pylorus |
| pylorus | narrow passage between the stomach and the duodenum |
| pylor/o | the combining form that means gatekeeper |
| pyloric sphincter | the muscle ring that controls the flow material from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine |
| intestinal flora | normal microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract |
| cud | regurgitated food particles, fiber, rumen fluid, and rumen microorganisms |
| rumen | largest compartment of the ruminant stomach that serves as a fermentation vat; also called the "paunch" |
| reticulum | most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach; also called the "honeycomb" |
| omasum | third compartment of the ruminant stomach |
| abomasum | fourth compartment of the ruminant stomach;also called the "true stomach" |
| mesentary | a fold of peritoneum that attaches the small intestine to the dorsal abdominal wall |
| enter/o | the combining form for small intestine |
| gastroenterology | the study of the stomach and small intestine |
| duodenum | proximal or first portion of the small intestine |
| dueden/i and duoden/o | the combining forms for duodenum |
| jejunum | middle portion of the small intestine |
| jejun/o | the combining form for jejunum |
| ileum | distal or last portion of the small intestine; also known as "aboral" |
| ile/o | the combining form for ileum |
| cecum | a pouch that food enters from the ileum |
| cec/o | the combining form for cecum |
| colon | continues from the cecum to its termination at the rectum |
| col/o | the combining form colon |
| haustra | sacculations of the colon and cecum |
| teniae | longitudinal smooth muscle bands |
| rectum | caudal portion of the large intestine |
| rect/o | the combining form for rectum |
| anus | the caudal opening of the GI tract |
| an/o | the combining form for anus |
| anorectal | term that means pertaining to the anus and rectum |
| proct/o | the combining for the anus and rectum |
| anal sacs | a pair of pouches in the skin between the internal and external anal sphincters |
| liver | located caudal to the diaphragm |
| hepat/o | the combining form for liver |
| hypoglycemia | a condition when blood sugar is low |
| hepatocytes | liver cells |
| sinusoids | channels |
| parenchyma | the functional elements of a tissue or organ |
| biliary | pertaining to the bile |
| emulsification | fat digestion |
| bilirubin | a pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin that is released by the liver in bile. |
| gallbladder | a sac embedded in the liver that stores bile for later use |
| cyst/o | the combining form for cyst, sac of fluid, urinary bladder |
| chol/e | the combining form for bile or gallbladder |
| doch/o | the combining form that means receptable |
| cholecystic | pertaining to the gallbladder |
| choledochus | common bile duct |
| pancreas | an elongated gland located near the cranial portion of the duodenum |
| pancreat/o | the combining form for pancreas |
| trypsin | an enzyme that digests protein |
| lipase | an enzyme that digests fat |
| amylase | enzyme that digests carbohydrates |
| digestion | process of breaking down foods into nutrients that the body can use |
| enzymes | substances that chemically change another substance |
| -ase | suffix of enzymes |
| metabolism | the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients |
| anabolism | the building of body cells and substances |
| meta- | prefix that means change or beyond |
| catabolism | breaking down of body cells and substances |
| absorption | process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system; also known as "assimulation" |
| nutrient | a substance that is necessary for normal functioning of the body |
| villi | tiny hairlike projections |
| villus | a single projection |
| vill/i | the combining form for tufts of hair |
| crypts | valley or blind sacs |
| prehension | grasping of food, involves collecting food in the oral cavity |
| mastication | breaks food into smaller pieces and mixes the ingesta with saliva |
| deglutition | moves chewed ingesta into the pharynx and into the esophagus |
| peristalsis | series of wavelike contractions of smooth muscles |
| -stalsis | suffix that means contraction |
| chyme | semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes from the stomach |
| segmentation | mixes and delays movement of ingesta |
| defecation | emptying of the bowels |
| ballottement | diagnostic technique of hitting or tapping the wall of a fluid filled structure to bounce a solid structure against a wall |
| barium | contrast material used for radiographic studies |
| barium swallow | oral barium given to evaluate the GI tract |
| barium enema | rectal barium given to evaluate the GI tract |
| enema | introduction of fluid into the rectum |
| biopsy | removal of tissue to examine |
| blood tests | determination of blood parameters used to detect some diseases of the GI tract |
| preprandial | before a meal |
| postprandial | after a meal |
| colonoscopy | endoscopic visual examination of the inner surface of the colon |
| endoscope | tubelike instrument with lights and refracting mirrors that is used to examine the body or organs internally |
| esophagoscopy | endoscopic visual examination of the inner surface of the esophagus |
| fecal examinations | various procedures used to detect parasitic diseases on animals |
| gastroscopy | endoscopic visual examination of the inner surface of the stomach |
| hemooccult | test for "hidden" blood in the stool |
| radiography | imaging of internal structures is created by the exposure of sensitized film to X-rays |
| ultrasound | imaging of internal body structures by recording echoes of sound waves |
| achalasia | inability to relax the smooth muscle of the GI tract |
| adontia | absence of teeth |
| aerophagia | "swallowing" of air |
| anal sacculitis | inflammation of the pouches located around the anus |
| inspissation | process of rendering dry or thick by evaporation and is used to describe the anal sac fluid in animals with anal sacculitis |
| anorexia | lack or loss of appetite |
| ascariasis | parasitic infestation with roundworms of the genus Ascaris |
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
| atresia | occlusion or absence of normal body opening or tubular organ |
| bloat | accumulation of gas in the digestive tract |
| borborygmus | gas movement in the GI tract that produces a rumbling noise |
| bruxism | involuntary grinding of the teeth |
| cachexia | general ill health and malnutrition; |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| cirrhosis | degenerative disease that disturbs the structure and function of the liver |
| cirrh/o | tawny, orange yellow, which is the color of cirrhotic livers |
| colic | severe abdominal pain |
| colitis | inflammation of the colon |
| constipation | condition of prolonged GI transit time, making the stool hard,dry, and difficult to pass |
| coprophagia | ingestion of fecal material |
| copr/o | the combining form for feces |
| coprophagic therapy | feeding a suspension of fecal pellets from a healthy animal to an ill animal, is used in some animal species such as guinea pigs and rabbits to treat GI disease |
| cribbing | vice of equine in which an object is grasped between the teeth, pressure is applied, and air is inhaled |
| dehydration | condition of excessive loss of body water or fluid |
| dental calculus | abnormal mineralized deposit that forms |
| dental caries | decalcification of teeth, producing a hole in thetooth |
| diarrhea | abnormal frequency and fecal material |
| displaced abomasum | disease of ruminants in which the fourth stomach compartment becomes trapped under the rumen; also called "DA" |
| diveticulitis | inflammation of a pouch or pouches occurring in the wall of a tubular organ |
| diverticulum | a pouch occurring on the wall of a tubular organ; diverticula are pouches occurring on the wall of a tubular organ |
| dyschezia | difficulty defecating; Chezein is Greek for stool |
| dysentery | number of disorders marked by inflammation of the intestine, abdominal pain, and diarrhea |
| dysphagia | difficulty swallowing or eating |
| emaciation | marked wasting or excessive leanness |
| emesis | forcible expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth |
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