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Bio Anthro Ch.3
Physical Anthropology 11th edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| bioinformatics | A discipline dedicated to the analysis of genetic information and the practical use of that information. |
| carrier | A person who possesses a recessive allele in the heterozygous condition. |
| chromosomal aberration | Abnormal chromosome number or chromosome structure. |
| chromosomal sex | The number of X and Y chromosomes a person has. The chromosomal sex of a person with two X chromosomes is a female. The chromosomal sex of a person with one X and one Y chromosome is a male. |
| cloning | The process of asexual reproduction in an otherwise multicellular animal. |
| codominant | The situation in which, in the heterozygous condition, both alleles are expressed in the phenotype. |
| deletion | A chromosomal aberration in which a chromosome breaks and a segment is not included in the second-generation cell. The genetic material on the deleted section is lost. |
| Down syndrome | Condition characterized by a peculiarity of eyefolds, malformation of the heart and other organs, stubby hands and feet, short stature, and mental retardation; result of extra chromosome 21. |
| duplication | Chromosomal aberration in which a section of a chromosome is repeated. |
| enzyme | A molecule, usually a protein, that makes a chemical reaction happen or speeds up a slow chemical reaction. It is not itself altered in the reaction. |
| epigenetic changes | Inherited changes (from one cell to another, or from one generation to another) in a phenotype without changing the DNA base sequence. |
| epigenome | The overall epigenetic state of a cell, with a complete description of the epigenetic modifications of the DNA in that cell. |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | A hemolytic disease affecting unborn or newborn infants caused by the destruction of the infant's Rh1 blood by the mother's anti-Rh antibodies. |
| eugenics | The study of the methods that can improve the inherited qualities of a species. |
| gene therapy | A genetic-engineering method in which genetic material is manipulated in ways that include removing, replacing, or altering a gene. |
| genetic counselor | A medical professional who advises prospective parents or a person affected by a genetic disease of the probability of having a child with a genetic problem. |
| genetic engineering | The altering of the genetic material to create specific characteristics in individuals. |
| genetic sex | In humans, male sex is determined by the presence of the SRY gene, which is located on the Y chromosome. Persons who lack the Y chromosome, and hence the SRY gene, or who possess an abnormal allele of the SRY gene, are genetically female. |
| genome | All of the genes carried by a single gamete. |
| gonad | General term used for an organ that produces sex cells; the ovary and testis. |
| hemolytic disease | Disease involving the destruction of blood cells. |
| hemophilia | A recessive X-linked trait characterized by excessive bleeding due to a faulty clotting mechanism. |
| inversion | Form of chromosome aberration in which parts of a chromosome break and reunite in a reversed order. No genetic material is lost or gained, but the positions of the involved alleles are altered. |
| Klinefelter syndrome | A sex-chromosome count of XXY; phenotypically male, tall stature, sterile. |
| linkage groups | Sets of genes that are found on the same chromosome. |
| multiple alleles | A situation in which a gene has more than two alleles. |
| negative eugenics | Method of eliminating deleterious alleles from the gene pool by encouraging persons with such alleles not to reproduce. |
| nondisjunction | An error of meiosis in which the members of a pair of chromosomes move to the same pole rather than moving to opposite poles. |
| pedigree | A reconstruction of past mating in a family, expressed as a diagram. |
| phenotypic sex | The sex that a person is judged to be, based on his or her physical appearance. Phenotypic sex may not correspond to chromosomal sex. |
| phenylketonuria (PKU) | A genetic disease, inherited as a recessive, brought about by the absence of the enzyme responsible for the conversion of the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine. |
| polymorphism | The presence of several distinct forms of a gene or phenotypical trait within a population with frequencies greater than 1 percent. |
| positive eugenics | Method of increasing the frequency of desirable traits by encouraging reproduction by individuals with these traits. |
| regulatory gene | A segment of DNA that functions to initiate or block the function of another gene. |
| restriction enzyme | Enzyme used to "cut" the DNA molecule at specific sites; used in recombinant DNA technology. |
| Rh blood-type system | A blood-type system consisting of two major alleles. A mating between an Rh2 mother and Rh1 father may produce in the infant the hemolytic disease erythroblastosis fetalis. |
| sex-limited gene | Non-sex-linked allele that is expressed is only one of the sexes. |
| stem cells | Undifferentiated cells with the potential to become many types of adult specialized cells. |
| structural gene | A segment of DNA that codes for a polypeptide that has a phenotypic expression. |
| Tay-Sachs disease | Enzyme deficiency of lipid metabolism inherited as a recessive; causes death in early childhood. |
| translocation | Form of chromosomal mutation in which segments of chromosomes become detached and reunite to other nonhomologous chromosomes. |
| trisomy | The state of having three of the same chromosome, rather than the normal pair. For example, trisomy 21, or Down syndrome, is a tripling of chromosome number 21. |
| Turner Syndrome | Genetic disease characterized by 45 chromosomes with a sex chromosome count of X–; phenotypically female, but sterile. |
Created by:
Ian Aitchison
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