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Bio Anthro Ch.1

Physical Anthropology 11th edition

TermDefinition
Anthropecentricity The belief that humans are the most important elements in the universe
Anthropology The broad-scope scientific study of people from all periods of time and in all areas of the world. Anthropology focuses on both biological and cultural characteristics and variation as well as biological and cultural evolution.
Applied Anthropology A branch of anthropology devoted to applying anthropological theory to practical problems.
Archaeology The scientific study of the past and current cultures through the analysis of artifacts and the context in which they are found.
Catastrophism The idea that the earth has experienced a series of catastrophic destructions and creations and that fossil forms found in each layer of the earth are bounded by a creation and destruction event.
Control In an experiment, a situation in which a comparison can be made between a specific situation and a second situation that differs, ideally, in only one aspect from the first.
Creation-Science The idea that scientific evidence can be and has been gathered for creation as depicted in the Bible. Mainstream scientists, many religious leaders, and the Supreme Court discount any scientific value of "creation-science" statements.
Cultural Anthropology The study of the learned patterns of behavior and knowledge characteristic of a society and of how they vary.
Culture Learned, nonrandom, systematic behavior and knowledge that can be transmitted from generation to generation.
Empirical Received through the senses (sight, touch, smell, hearing, taste), either directly or through extensions of the senses (such as a microscope).
Experiment A test of the predictive value of a hypothesis. A controlled experiment compares two situations in which only one factor differs.
Great Chain of Being (scala naturae) The idea that organisms are arranged in a hierarchy from lesser to greater state of perfection.
Hypothesis An informed supposition about the relationship of one variable to another.
Immutable Unchanging.
Industrial Melanism A situation in which the frequency of a dark variant of a species increases in relation to a lighter variant in response to changes in the environment due to pollution caused by increasing industrialization.
Intelligent Design (ID) Theory An essentially religious explanation of the world that assumes the existence of a supernatural force that is responsible for the great complexity of life on earth today.
Irreducible Complexity Concept that there are processes and structures that are too complex to have arisen through evolution ary mechanisms but must have arisen by the work of a "designer."
Linguistic Anthropology The study of language in cross-cultural perspective; the origin and evolution of language.
Natural Selection Differential fertility and mortality of variants within a population.
Physical Anthropology A branch of anthropology concerned with human biology and evolution.
Principle of Acquired Characteristics Concept, popularized by Lamarck, that traits gained during a lifetime can then be passed on to the next generation by genetic means; considered invalid today.
Principle of Use and Disuse Concept popularized by Lamarck that proposes that parts of the body that are used are often strengthened and improved, whereas parts of the body that are not used become weak and ultimately may disappear.
Science A way of learning about the world by applying the principles of scientific thinking, which includes making empirical observations, proposing hypotheses to explain those observations, and testing those hypotheses in valid and reliable ways.
Spontaneous Generation An old and incorrect idea that complex life forms could be spontaneously created from nonliving material.
Strata Layers of sedimentary rocks.
Synthetic Theory of Evolution The theory of evolution that fuses Darwin's concept of natural selection with information from the fields of genetics, mathematics, embryology, paleontology, animal behavior, and other disciplines.
Theory A step in the scientific method in which a statement is generated on the basis of highly confirmed hypotheses and used to generalize about conditions not yet tested.
Uniformitarianism Principle that states that physical forces working today to alter the earth were also in force and working in the same way in former times.
Variable Any property that may be displayed in different values.
Created by: Ian Aitchison
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