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Cells and seeds
Plant growth and development Chapter 1 review terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nucleus | center of inheritance and cellular control, part of protoplasm- control center / main office of it |
| cytoplasm | soft, jellylike material in which most of the cells metabolism takes place - enclosed within a sac called the cytoplasm membrane |
| cytoplasmic membrane | composed of protein and fatty substances and has the ability to control passage of water , foods, and selected minerals across the boundary it defines. |
| chloroplasts | unique to plants , where photosynthesis takes place, not found in most roots and other parts that aren't green. |
| photosynthesis | where light energy is used to manufacture foods- chlorophyll essential for this process. |
| chlorophyll | essential for photosynthesis , located within the chloroplasts. |
| Mitochondria | extract energy from foods by process of cellular respiration, and those that specialize in protein production. |
| cellular respiration | the chemical breakdown of food substances resulting in the liberation of energy. |
| vacuole | occupies large part of the volume of most plant cells- means "empty space" -membrane bound inner sac containing much of the cells stored water and serves as a repository for excess mineral nutrients as well as toxic waste products from cells metabolism. |
| Cell wall | gives structural support to a plant - degree of rigidity of any part being proportional to the relative thickness of its constituent cell walls. |
| Pectin | forms a thin layer that lies between adjacent cells -binding cells together. |
| middle lamella | binds the cell together (middle sheet)- a layer of pectin binding two adjacent cell walls. |
| Cellulose | laid down in microscopic threads- the more cellulose the thicker the wall is - plant structure forming a part of the structure of cell walls. |
| Primary wall | Largely composed of thin wall of cellulose - outermost wall- first layer of cellulose laid down during development of a new cell wall. |
| Legnin | Hardening substances , form deposits on cellulose surface- formed and inserted with each cellular layer. |
| Secondary Wall | portion of a cell wall laid down inside the primary wall. |
| mitosis | process in which the nuclear DNA becomes organized into a set of threadlike chromosomes. |
| Chromosomes | "Colored body" go through an elaborate sequence of movements, threadlike structure becomes genes in a cell nucleus; each chromosome consists of two chromatids formed by the chromosomes longitudinal division. |
| meristems | close by lie regions of cell enlargement - region where cells actively divide - extend into the roots of larger plants. |
| Apical Meristems | contributes cells to the length of these plant organs- region of actively dividing cells at the trip of a growing coat or stem. |
| Lateral Meristems | extends to the length of the stem and roots; its actually a cylinder of cells , dividing both inward and outward to thicken the stem and root during secondary process. |
| Primary growth | of the root results from cell division in its apical meristem -Increases in stem and root length, before thickening. |
| Secondary growth | creates slow measurable thickening of its trunk and branches as as well as the upper portions of roots that may emerge above the soil surface. |
| Viable seed | ultimately capable of germination |
| dormant/ dormancy | state of reduced cellular activity |
| seed coat | skin of a seed , color, texture, and thickness which varies from species to species. |
| Cotlyedons | two kidney shaped, food storage structures- only when carefully pried apart do we find the reason for the seeds being. |
| Embryo | a miniature plant waiting for the moment of its germination |
| Dicots | "Two" larger group , encompasses everything from roses and rhododendrons to ash trees and asters- group of angiosperm. |
| Monocots | "One" believed to be the more recent products of plant evolution including grasses and cereal grains, bamboo, palms, lilies, irises and orchids. |
| endosperm | "Within" "seed" - food storage structure , nourishes the seedling during germination. Ex. corn on the cob |
| radicle | an embryonic root |
| imbibtion | the process of water absorption by a dry substance or structure, causing it to swell- when water molecules fit into spaces between cellulose. |
| Osmosis | pushes into the soil, there is an anchor the new plant, take up needed minerals, and water by another. |
| Heterotrophic nutrition | a form of nutrition in which the organism depends on organic substances as a food source, as in the case with humans. |
| autotrophic nutrition | form of nutrients in which complex food molecules are produced by photosynthesis form carbon dioxide , water and molecules. |
| after-ripining | a maturation process in seeds of particular species after dispersal, required for germination. |
| stratification | a cold treatment given to the seed of some species to improve the likelihood of germination. |
| scarification | etching or nicking of a seed coat- soften to split to imbibe (take in) water. |
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Dirtbikes1234
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