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GI
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Peristalsis | Movement in esophagus to gravitate food towards stomach |
| Gastrointestinal system pertains to: | esophagus, stomach, intestines, colon, salivary/mouth/teeth, bile/liver, pancreas |
| What does the GI tract do? | Moves and digests food; secretes enzymes to digest and absorb nutrients |
| Parts of the GI system | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
| Accessory organs | pancreas, liver, gall bladder, salivary glands, anal sacs |
| Mouth: | Teeth/peridontium |
| Tongue | moves masticated food to the back of the throat in order to swallow food bolus |
| Papillae | Tastebuds |
| Other parts of the mouth | gingivia, lips, cheeks, palates |
| Mouth normals | smooth, pink, white teeth, CRT>2 seconds |
| Mouth abnormals | gingivitis, plaque, tartar, epuli, tumors, stomatitis, ulcers |
| Pharynx | cavity in the caudal oral cavity that joins respiratory and GI systems (throat) |
| Esophagus | smooth muscle tube attached from mouth to stomach; carries masticated food to stomach for digestion |
| Esophagus normals | smooth, even diameter, light pink, seen on x ray ventral in the cervical region and crosses dorsally to the trachea in the thorax |
| Esophagus abnormals | strictures, mega-E, tumors |
| Stomach | starts at esophagus, internally covered in rugae to increase surface area; has mucus secreting cells to protect it from digesting itself; secretes enzymes; contracts and squeezes to crush and mechanically digest food |
| Rugae | gastric folds in stomach |
| Stomach enzymes | HCL, pepsin, intrinsic factor, gastrin |
| Acetylcholine | Stimulates the release of HCL and other digestive enzymes |
| 3 portions of stomach | fundus, body, pyloric antrum |
| Pyloric sphincter | keeps food in the stomach, lets food out and into small intestines |
| Small intestines | attached to pyloris of stomach; held in place by mesentary; has 3 portions |
| 3 portions of small intestine | duodendum, jejunum, ileum |
| Duodendum | 1st part of small intestine; secretory section releases enzymes to increase gastric motility; paired with pancreas |
| Jejunum | longest part of the small intestine; absorption portion |
| Ileum | Attaches small intestine to large intestine; vital for absorbing vitamin B12 and absorbing bile |
| Small intestine normals | smooth, consistant diameter, rhythmic peristalsis, light pink colour, has small villi to increase surface area |
| Small intestine abnormals | intussusception; ulcers; allergies; lack of villi |
| Large Intestine parts | cecum, colon, rectum, anus |
| Cecum | small, coiled, blind-ended pouch located at the junction of the ileum (In large animals serves as fermentation chamber) |
| Colon | where most of absorption occurs; has 3 parts; ascending/transverse/descending; liquid feces enters via ileum and water is absorbed; actively secretes bicarbonate and potassium; has intricate folds; contains millions of bacteria |
| Rectum | caudal portion of large intestines; storage area for feces |
| Anus | caudal opening; contains the anal sphincter muscle |
| Peritoneum | membrane lining the abdominal/pelvic cavities and organs |
| Paxetal peritoneum | layer that lines the cavities |
| Visceral peritoneum | layer that covers organs |
| Mesentary and Omentum | folds of peritoneum that connect stomach/intestines to the abdominal cavity and visceral organs |
| Mesentary | rooted at dorsal aspect of abdominal cavity; attached to both intestines; fan shaped when spread out;keeps intestinal tract from twisting; supplies blood, lymph and nerves via superior and inferior mesentary arteries |
| Omentum | part of mesentary; sheet of fat covered in peritonium; protects abdominal cavity and organs; |
| Greater omentum | attaches to bottom of stomach and folds down over intestines; also attaches to transverse colon |
| Lesser omentum | attaches from top of stomach and goes up under the liver |
| Liver | processes everything that the body eats/drinks/breathes; cleanses blood; regulates body fuel by storing and regulating fats; supplies glucose; manufactures essential proteins; transports substances to the blood; regulates blood clotting |
| Hormones from liver | sex, thyroid, cortisol/adrenal |
| Liver normals | dark red, gall bladder yellow/green; smooth, multi-lobed, clean crisp edges |
| Liver abnormals | black or white colour; spots; edges not clean |
| Liver failure | inability for the body to eliminate toxins; liver sweels, cells die and get replaced with scar tissue; 80% of cells must die before liver fails |
| Jaundice | build-up of bile and toxins resulting in yellowing of skin and mucus membranes |
| Gallbladder | a sac embedded in the liver; holding area for bile; bile gets slowly released from gallbladder into small intestine when needed |
| Pancreas | pancreatic duct enters via duodendum; has both exocrine and endocrine functions; endo-hormones; exo-pancreatic juices with digestive enzymes |
| Enzymes produced by pancreas | trypsin (protein digestion), lipase (fat digestion), amylase (starch digestion) |
| Salivary glands | serve to moisten food to aid in digestion, and to cleanse mouth |
| How many salivary glands? | Four: parotid, mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic |
| Evaporative cooling | animals sweat by panting and through paw pads |
| Saliva | produced in and secreted by glands; cells secrete a fluid with mucus and electrolytes |
| Saliva cells | Acini: empty into collecting ducts where sodium is reabsorbed and potassium/bicarbonate are released |
| Saliva ducts | small ducts lead to larger ducts, larger ducts lead into one large duct that secretes fluid into the mouth |
| How are salivary glands controlled? | Autonomic nervous system |
| Glands and types of secretions | parotid-serous fluid sublingual-mucus fluid mandibular-combination of both |
| Digestion | process of breaking down foods into nutrients via metabolism |
| Absorption | process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system; occurs in small intestine |
| Villi | hair-like projections that help increase the surface area, allowing more nutrients to be absorbed |
Created by:
Libelle
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