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World Religions
Study stack for the first midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Smart's Dimensions | Experiential, Ritual, Mythological, Doctrinal, Ethical, Social |
| Durkheim | Founder of Modern sociology. Focused on how religion creates a community for its adherents instead of what it taught. |
| Geertz | Cultural Anthropologist. Focused on the system of symbols created by religion. |
| Aryans | Created the Vedas (1500 to 500 BCE) |
| Shruti | That which was heard Vedas |
| Smirti | That which is remembered Epics (history) Puranas (ancient stories) Dharmashastras (codes of law and ethics) |
| Ascetic | A person who practices severe self-discipline and abstention |
| Dharma (Hindu) | 'Duty' 'Religion' 'Law' 'Ethics' 'Truth' Context sensitive depending on social position and stage of life |
| Samsara | A continuing cycle of death and rebirth (reincarnation) |
| Karma | Action, especially ritual action Cause and Effect |
| Brahman | (Vedic) - Supreme Being, Ultimate Reality Cannot be described because it pervades and transcends human thought and the universe |
| Atman | Human soul |
| Moksha | Spiritual Liberation and Personal Salvation |
| Vedas and Vedic Religion | The "Book of Knowledge" Oral traditions held by Brahmans Samhitas (collections) Brahmanas (instructions for performance of rituals) Aranyakas (forest treaties) Upanishads (secret philosophical treaties) |
| Vedas - Rta | Cosmic Order - Highest power Not even the gods can go against the power of rta |
| Vedas - Rig Veda | Stories about the gods and the creation of the world Three prominent deities: Agni, Somi, Indra Indra: King of the gods, Thunder Warrior Deity |
| Vedas - Purusha Sukta | Provides a description of the cosmic being that the entire cosmos is created from and causes time to flow. The universe was created by a sacrifice of Purusha |
| Upanishads | Discusses several important philosophical ideas that are central to later Hinduism |
| Ramayana | 3rd Century BCE - 3rd Century CE A tale of dharma Prescription for code of conduct to create the ideal society |
| Ramayana - Rama | The ideal man/king Embodiment of dharma |
| Ramayana - Sita | the ideal woman/wife Forces Rama to uphold his dharma |
| Mahabharata | One of the Epics Contains the Bhagavad - Gita 4th Century BCE - 4th Century CE |
| Bhagavad Gita | Dharma of a warrior Story of Arjun's crisis and Krishna's teaching Atman(self), Brahman(ultimate reality), Yoga (discipline), Karma(action), Jnana (knowledge), Bhakti (devotion) |
| Bhagavad Gita - Krishna | Teaches the relationship between the body, atman, and Brahman Goal in life is the identify oneself with Brahman Focus on desire-less action, and action for the sake of fulfilling one's dharma Avatar of Vishnu - the Preserver |
| Bhagavad Gita - Arjuna | Feels conflicted and questions the necessity of fighting against his own kin and friends. Asks the questions for the reader to Krishna |
| Bhagavad Gita - Yogas (three kinds) | Path to achieving the goal of identifying oneself with the Brahman Karma yoga, Jnana Yoga, Bhaki yoga |
| The Triad | Brahma (creator) Vishnu (preserver) Shiva (destroyer) |
| The Triad - Shiva | The destroyer Famous for relationship with Parvati |
| The Triad - Vishnu | The Preserver Consort: Lakshmi Preservation of cosmos and proper order Multiple avatars |
| The Triad - Brahma | The Creator Consort: Saraswati |
| Devi/ Goddess | Unmarried, independent, autonomous Can be mild or wild |
| Shakti (including examples of wild and mild goddesses) | Primordial cosmic energy and represents the entire dynamic forces that are thought to move the entire unvierse. Personification of divine feminine creative power. Mostly manifests through female embodiment and creativity/fertility. |
| Puja | "Worship" - an act of respectful honoring Performed by everyone at many locations |
| Prasada | Material substance of food often used as religious offerings |
| Darshan | "seeing and being seen" A deity gives darshan to devotees who receive it |
| Murti | an image or statue of the divine, sculptured images are anthropomorphic |
| Ganesh | Remover of all obstacles son of parvati and shiva |
| Stages of Life | Student, Householder, Hermit, Wandering Ascetic |
| Aims of Life | Purushartha, four aims of life Dharma Artha Kama Moksha |
| Aims of Life - artha | Wealth and Power to achieve one's goals |
| Aims of Life - kama | Sexual desire, and Longing |
| Aims of Life - moksha | Liberation from Samsara |
| Aims of life - dharma | Duty |
| Laws of Manu | Manu is the name of a king and is the mythological ancestor of the Human race. The Laws are descriptions and prescriptions of dharma |
| Main Sects - Shaiva | Reveres Shiva as the main supreme god |
| Main Sects - Vaishnava | Reveres Vishnu and his avatars |
| Man Sects - Shakta | Reveres Devi as the main supreme god |
| Bhakti | Devotion to god 6th Century CE in South India, 12th Century CE in West India Intense emotional love for a personal god Implies a sense of close engagement with other people |
| Bhakti - Mirabai | Most famous poet-saint of north India Devoted to Krishna from childhood Could not be killed because of protection from Krishna |
| Mantra | Sacred sound or syllable believed to have spiritual and psychological value |
| Three jewels/Refuges | Buddha, Dharma, Sangha |
| Three Jewels - Buddha | "Awakened" One Model of the awakening of consciousness to what is truly real |
| Three Jewels - Dharma | The teachings of buddha over the 45 year period after his awakening Embodied in a series of scriptures |
| Three Jewels - Sangha | Monastic Community Critical to the Spread of the dharma Sangha is a refuge from the world of desires Mission to preserve, study, and transmit the Dharma |
| Legend of Buddha | Legend draws together many stories of Buddha's life. Not a biography nor a scripture. Used to model the path that all follow to enlightenment Corresponds to "mythological" dimension Set in period of vedas: focus on maintaining cosmic order and dharma |
| Shakyamuni | The Original Buddha who created all the teachings of Buddhism |
| Jainism | Spiritual movement that seeked full liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth |
| Three Marks of Reality - Dukkha | "Suffering" Things/events serve as occasions on which suffering arises Not that all life is suffering, but suffering is inevitable following happiness |
| Three Marks of Reality - Anitya | "Impermanence" Everything that arises must pass including consciousness No permanent being (contrasting atman in Hinduism) |
| Three Marks of Reality - Anatman | No persistent and continuous selfhood What we experience as self is a combination of experiences The perception of the "self" is a construct of experience |
| Four Noble Truths | One truth expressed as four 1. All life entails suffering 2. Suffering is caused by desire 3. Removing desire removes suffering 4. The way to remove suffering is the eightfold path |
| Bodhisattva | Original: one who vows to seek enlightenment Mahayana: a person who vows to serve and save all suffering beings (has 6 perfections) Open to monks and laity alike |
| Lotus Sutra | Portrays Theravada as completed in mahayana Buddha taught lower level and higher level truths |
| Lotus Sutra - Parable of Burning House | A story to illustrate the necessity of "expedient means" A wealthy man has no choice but to lie to his children in order to get them out of a burning house. The man is not guilty of falsehood because he used an "expedient means" |
| Lotus Sutra - Dragon king's daughter | The Dragon king's 8-year old daughter reached the level of no regression in an instant Shows that any being is eligible, of any class, in any time can achieve buddhahood |
| Amitabha/ Amida Buddha | A celestial Buddha worshipped by the Pure Land school |
| Emptiness (shunyata) | Emptiness Identifies the highest insight of the Buddha as regarding all aspects of reality as "empty" Synonymous with "non-self" Whatever you do to others you also do to yourself Teaching is provisional |
| Trikaya | A Mahayana teaching about the nature of reality and the nature of the Buddha |
| Interdependent Origination | All things arise in dependence upon multiple causes and conditions |
| Expedient Means | Whatever is preached is preached for the sake of converting the bodhisattvas Provides legitimacy for innovation in Buddhist doctrine Provides interpretive guide for exploring the dharma Provides pedagogical guide |
| Ahimsa | Compassion To cause no injury and do no harm |
| Five Precepts | Earliest moral code identified five rules applicable to monks and laity alike: Not to destroy life Not to steal Not to commit sexual misconduct Not to lie Not to become intoxicated |
| Nirvana | Theravada holds that nirvana possess reality outside of conditioned arising: one unconditioned reality Mahayan holds that Nirvana is empty of self-nature |
| Arhat | "worthy one" Has attained Nirvanic experience and has been radically transformed by that experience Has completed spiritual training and fully incorporated all factors of the eightfold path Attained within the context of a monastic vow |
| Mahayana Foundations | Development of new scriptures beyond the traditional canon Extension of the principle of "non-self" in far reaching ways Focus on practice on virtue of compassion Less centered on monastic community. Expands the participation of laity |
| Mahayana Lineages - Pure land | Originated in India Most popular form of Buddhism in east Asia Focuses on the veneration of a celestial Buddha |
| Mahayana Lineages - Zen/Chan | Originated in China with separate schools in Japan Focuses on meditation |
| Mahayana Lineages - Tendai/ Tian Tai | Originated in China and prominent in Japan Focus on scriptural study |
| The Dao | Confucianism: Social Order Daoism: Natural order |
| Tian | Heaven The highest figure of veneration in the Zhou Dynasty Confucianism: The ultimate moral force that supports the order |
| Laozi | Legendary author of Daodejin subject of folk-tales and legends |
| Zhuangzi | Poety and Philosopher who wrote the Zhuangzi Promoted complete renunciation of the society |
| Daodejing | A core writing of Daoism by Laozi |
| Confucius | Born into lower noble class; father died Managed to obtain a good education and had diverse administrative career |
| The Analects | A collection of sayings and ideas by Confucius |
| Junzi | Cultivated individual who embodies specific virtues |
| Rectification of Names | Calling objects by their proper names would lead to social order and less chaos |
| Yin Yang | Contrary forces are actually complementary, interconnected, interdependent, and give rise to each other |
| Confucian Virtues - Li | Ritual Propriety |
| Confucian Virtues - Ren | Benevolence |
| Confucian Virtues - Wen | Cultivation |
| Confucian Virtues - Shu | Reciprocity |
| Confucian Virtues - Xiao | Filial Piety |
| Wu Wei | Daoism Method to achieve natural order non-action, spontaneous effortless action, fostering the principles of simplicity and weakness |
| Five Great Relationships | States the 5 relationships in which everyone is kind to each other in order to promote social order |
| Heuristic Definition of Religion | Helps the person learn by themselves rather than be taught final statements |
| Hinduism Defining Characteristics | Oldest Living Religion No historical founder No common creed 330 million gods and goddesses Practice takes precedence over belief |
| 330 Million Gods of Hinduism | "The one and the many" Constant shifts in power and fluidity to balance order |
| Saraswati | Associated with speech, learning, culture, and wisdom |
| Lakshmi | Associated with prosperity, well being, royal power, and illustriousness |
| Parvati and Shiva | Represents the tension between householder and ascetic ideals |
| Krishna & Radha | Historical hero and god The Divine represented as human Has a love affair with Radha |
| Hinduism Period - Indus Valley Civilization | 2500 - 1500 BCE |
| Vedic Period | 1500 - 500 BCE Rise of Aryan Culture Creation of Vedas |
| Epic and Puranic Period | 500 BCE to 500 CE Composition of Mahabharata and Ramayana Composition of Puranas |
| Medieval Period | 500 CE to 1500 CE Development of bhakti tradition |
| Modern Period | 1500 CE - Present Rise and fall of Mughal and British Empires Origin of India as a nation state |
| Devas | Vedic Gods Many were related to natural phenomena |
| Vedic People | Rites of sacrifice to appease the gods Relationship between men and gods Maintaining cosmic order |
| Varnas (class/caste system) | Origin of the Four Classes Brahmin(priest, scholars) Kshyatriya(warriors, kings) Vaishya(merchants, peasants) Shudra(servants) untouchables |
| Puranas | Ancient stories that are the source of modern devotional Hinduism |
| Dharmashastra | Treaties on the nature of righteousness, moral duty, and law 1st Century CE |
| Tamil (Bhakti) Poetry | Intense emotion related to spectrum of emotions felt in relationships of romantic love Love in separation Ecstatic joy when together |
| Mahavira | final jina Stories describe him as the prince of a royal family, leaves family to pursue spiritual awakening through ascetic practices, seeks to eliminate karma, and attains nirvana at 72, transmits teachings to disciples |
| Four Sights | An old man A diseased man A corpse A "mendicant" (a religious wanderer) which inspires the prince to leave the palace |
| Middle Way | Shakyamuni seeks a "middle way" between sensuality and asceticism after 6 years as an ascetic |
| Nandabala's Gift | Gives Shakyamuni the strength to seek enlightenment |
| Eightfold path | The "middle way" - neighter immersion in sensual pleasures, nor extreme mortification The path is not sequential, not eight steps in order, but eight legs that support the practice It is a path, the path itself is the goal of remaking one's attachment |
| The Laity | adherents to a practice who are not ordained to an official task Householders were important to the sangha from the beginning of Buddhism in some traditions, laypeople can make good progress towards enlightenment, and in other traditions not |
| Theravada (Three Vehicles) | Earliest form of Buddhism to take shape Dominant in South and Southeast Asia Pali Language Focused on the ideal of the arhat Sees itself as the preserver of original teachings |
| Mahayana (Three Vehicles) | Developed in India starting 1st century BCE Dominant form in China, Korea, Japan Chinese Language Focused on the ideal of the bodhisattva Open to innovation and pressed for deeper realization of the central insights of the Buddha |
| Vajrayana | Developed in india by the 7th century CE Dominant form in Tibet, Mongolia, Manchuria Tibetan Language scriptures Noted for "esoteric" tradition |
| Lotus Sutra Lower Level Truth | 4 Noble Truths establishes the goal of nirvana achieved by the arhat |
| Lotus Sutra Higher Level Truth | True nirvana achieved at Buddhahood, and all beings can attain this level. Arhats have settled for lesser goal for individual enlightenment |
| Devadatta | Part of the Lotus Sutra Cousin and bitter opponent of the Buddha attempted to kill the Buddha Buddha praises him for helping him attain the 6 perfections of the Buddha |
| Shan Dynasty | 1750 - 1040 BCE Belief in spirits, ancestor worship Highest figure of veneration: Shangdi Oracle bone and the ritual authority of the ruler |
| Zhou Dynasty | 1040-256 BCE Highest Figure of Veneration: Tian (Heaven) Mandate of Heaven - myth of legitimation Warring States Period (Rise of Confucianism and Daoism) |
| Confucian Solution | Re-establish clear hiearchy in society with education Act in accordance with one's place in this hierachy |
| Daoism characteristics: | Namelesness Changelessness Singularity Non-being Weakness In-and-of-itself-ness |
| Daoism solution | restablish order and harmony by realigning oneself with the natural order/Dao |
| Daoism Idea | Sage Perfectly channels the dao |
| Religious Daoism | Quest for immortality Ideas of the afterlife |
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