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Bio Ch 3 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amino Acids | organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group |
| Biological Molecules | "organic molecule in cells; carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids" |
| Carbohydrate | "class of organic compounds that includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and poly saccharides" |
| Cellulose | polysaccharide that is the major complex carb in plant cell walls |
| Chitin | strong but flexible nitrogenous polysaccharide in the exoskeleton of arthropods |
| Cholesterol | one of the major lipids found in animal plasma membranes; makes the membrane impermeable to many molecules |
| Dehydration Synthesis Reaction | chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecules |
| Denatured | "loss of an enzyme's normal shape, so that is no longer functions" |
| Deoxyribose | "in DNA, pentose sugar that has one less hydroxyl group than ribose" |
| Disaccharide | sugar that contains 2 units of a monosaccharide |
| DNA | nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose |
| Enzyme | organic catalyst that speeds up a reaction in cells due to its shape |
| Fat | organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids and is found in adipose tissue of vertebrates |
| Fatty Acid | molecule contains a hydrocarbon chains and ends with an acid group |
| Fibrous Protein | structural protein with only a secondary structure |
| Function Group | specific cluster of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules that enters into reactions and behaves in a predictable way |
| Globular Protein | protein who's polypeptides give it a tertiary structure and a globular shape |
| Glucose | six-carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration |
| Glycerol | three-carbon carb with three hydroxyl groups attached |
| Glycogen | storage polysaccharide found in animals |
| Hemoglobin | iron-containing respiratory pigment occurring in vertebrate RBCs and in the blood plasma of some invertebrates |
| Hydrolysis Reaction | splitting of a compound by the addition of water with the H+ being incorporated into one molecule and the OH- into the other |
| Hydrophilic | type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules |
| Hydrophobic | type of molecule that does not interact with water because it is nonpolar |
| Inorganic Chemistry | study of compounds not having a carbon basis |
| Isomer | molecule with the same molecular formula as another but having a different structure and therefore a different shape |
| Lipid | class of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in nonpolar solvents |
| Monomer | small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer |
| Monosaccharide | simple sugar; a carb that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis |
| Nucleic Acid | polymer of nucleotides |
| Nucleotide | monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a five-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group |
| Oil | triglyceride that is composed of glycerol and three fatty acids and is liquid in consistency due to many unsaturated bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids |
| Organic | molecule that always contains carbon and hydrogen and often contains oxygen as well |
| Organic Chemistry | study of carbon compounds |
| Peptide | tow or more amino acids joined together by covalent bonding |
| Peptide Bond | type of covalent bond that pins two amino acids |
| Phospholipid | molecule that forms the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membrane |
| Polymer | macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers |
| Polypeptide | polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Polysaccharide | polymer made from sugar monomers |
| Protein | molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides |
| Ribose | pentose sugar found in RNA |
| RNA | nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | fatty acid molecule that lacks double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chains |
| Starch | "in plants, storage polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains" |
| Steroid | type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings |
| Trans Fat | a form of unsaturated fatty acid in which the hydrogen atoms of the carbon chain are eon opposite sides of the double bond |
| Triglyceride | neutral fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acids |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | fatty acid molecule that has one or more double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain |
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