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A&P Ass2 Terms
Intro to A&P Assignment 2 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abduction | joint movement whereby an extremity is moved away from the median plane |
| acetabulum | "socket portion of the ball-and-socket hip jiont; formed at junction of ilim,ischium, and pubic bones" |
| Actin | protein that composes microfilaments |
| Adduction | joint movement whereby an extremity is moved toward the median plane |
| aerobic metabolism | metabolism in muscle in which the supply of available oxygen is sufficient to keep up with the energy needs of the muscle fibers |
| agonist | used to describe a muscle/muscle group that directly produces a desired movement |
| all-or-nothing principle | principle that an individual muscle fiber either contracs complete/not at all |
| alula | "1st finger in birds, originates from wrist and carries the alula feathers" |
| amphiarthroses | slightly movable cartilaginous joint |
| anaerobic metabolism | occurs when the need for energy to produce muscular activity excees the available oxygen supply |
| Anapsid | skulls of primitive reptiles (all extinct but turtles) that have no temporal openings |
| anconeal process | beak-shaped process at the proximal end of the trochlear notch of the ulna |
| antebrachium | forearm region of the thoracic limb |
| aponeuroses | broad sheet of fibrous connective tissue that attaches certain muscle to bones/other muscles |
| appendicular skeleton | bones of the limbs |
| articular cartilage | thing layer of hyaline cartilage that ocvers the articular surfaces of long bones in synovial joints |
| articular processes | process of a certebra that forms a synovial jint w/ an adjacent vertebra |
| Articular surfaces | smooth joint surface of a bone that contacts another bone in a synovial jiont |
| asternal ribs | rib whose costal cartilage joins the costal cartilage of the rib ahead of it instead of directly joining the sternum |
| atlas | 1st cervical vertebra |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate; high energy molecule produced in the mitochondria |
| axial skeleton | bones along the central axis of the body |
| axis | 2nd cervical vertebera |
| Ball-and-Socket Joints | "consists of a spherical joint surface that fits into a closely matching, concave joint surface" |
| bone cortex | outer layer os a bone that is composed of compact bone |
| Bone marrow | soft material that fills ithe spaces inside bones |
| bones of the face | skull bones that do not surround the brain |
| brachium | upper arm; area of the thoracic limb between the elbow and the shoulder |
| calcaneal tuberosity | large process of the fibular tarsal bone that projects upward and backward |
| calcitonin | hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that prevents the level of calcium in the blood from getting too high |
| canaliculi | tiny channels through the amtrix fo bone |
| Cancellous bone | form of bone composed of seeminly random arrangemt of spicules of bone separated by spaces filled with bone amrrow; spongy bone |
| carpal bones | bones of the carpus; consist of 2 parallel rows of short bones located between the distal ends of the raidus and ulna and the proximal ends of the metacarpal bones |
| carpus | joint composed of the carpal bones |
| Cartilaginous joint | joint in which the bones are united by cartilage |
| Cervical vertebrae | bones of the neck portion of the spinal comlumn |
| Circumduction | joint motion whereby the distal end of an extremity moves in a circle |
| coccygeal vertebrae | bones of the tail portion of the spinal column |
| Compact bone | "heavy, dense bone made up of tiny, tightly compacted, laminated cylinders of bone called haversian systems" |
| condyle | "lare, rounded articular surface" |
| costal cartilage | "cartilaginous, ventral portion of a rib" |
| costochondral junction | junction with the bony part of the rib |
| cranium | cranial portion of the dorsal body cavity formed from several skull bones |
| creatine phosphate (CP) | molecule in muscle cells that splits to release the energy necessary to reattach the detached phosphate group to an ADP molecule to convert it back to ATP |
| cribriform plate | sievelike area of the ehtmoid bone through which the many branches of the olfactory nerve pass from the upper portion of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs of the brain |
| cross bridges | tiny levers on the myosin filaments of muscle |
| Cutaneous muscles | thin muscles in the connective tissue beneath the skin. |
| dens | process on the cranial end of the 2nd cervical vertebra that fits into the caudal end of the 1st vertebra |
| dense bodies | structures in smooth muscle cells to which the small contractile units of actin and myosin attach |
| dewclaw | toe that does not reach the ground |
| diaphysis | shaft portion of a long bone |
| Diapsid | skulls of various reptiles w/ two pairs of temporal openings behind each eye |
| diarthrodial joints | complicated name of gliding joints |
| diarthroses | freely movable synovial joint |
| digit | toe made up of 2 or 3 bones called phalanges |
| endochondral bone formation | the type of bone formation whereby bone grows into an dreplaces a cartilage model |
| endomysium | "thin, delicate layer of connective tissue that surrounds each individual skeletal muscle fiber" |
| endosteum | fibrous membrane that lines the hollow interiors of bones |
| epimysium | "tough, connective tissue layer that covers and delineates individual muscles" |
| epiphyseal plates/growth plates | growth plate of a long bone |
| epiphysis | end of a long bone |
| ethmoid bone | skull bone; an internal bone of the cranium; located just rostral of the sphenoid bone |
| ethmoidal sinus | paranasal sinus in the ethmoid bone of horses and humans |
| expiratory muscles | muscle whose action is to decrease the size of the thoracic cavity |
| Extension | joint movement that increases the angle between 2 bones |
| external acoustic meatus | bone canal in the temporal bone that leads into the middle and inner ear cavities of the bone |
| fabellae | one of two small sesamoid bones located in the proximal gastrocnemius muscle tendon just above and behind the femoral condyles of dogs and cats |
| facet | flat articular surface |
| fascicles | group of skeletal muscle fibers bound by a layer of fibrous connective tissue (perimysium) |
| femur | long bone of the thigh region; forms the hip joint with the pelvis at its proximal end and the stifle with the tibia at its distal end |
| fetlock joint | "lay terms for the most proximal joint of the quine digit, which is the joint between the large metacarpal or metatarsal and the proximal phalanx" |
| Fibrous joint | immovable joint; aka synarthrosis |
| fibula | thin bone located beside the tibia in the lower leg region of the pelvic limb |
| Fixator | muscle that stabilizes a jiont so that other muscles can produce effective movements of other joints |
| Flat bones | bones that are relatively thin and flat |
| Flexion | joint movement that decreases the angle between two bones |
| floating ribs | most caudal rib or two in the rib cage; cartilage does not unite with anything but rather ends in the muscle of the thoracic wall. |
| foramen | a hole in a bone |
| foramen magnum | large hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord exits the skull |
| fossa | edepressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone |
| Frontal bones | skull bones; external bones of the cranium |
| frontal sinus | large paransal sinus in the frontal bone of the skull |
| ginglymus joints | hinge joint in which one articular surface swivels around another |
| glenoid cavity | concave articular surface of the scapula; socket protion of the ball and socket shoulder joint |
| Gliding Joint | arthrodial joint in which two flat articular surfaces rock on each other |
| haversian canal | central canal that runs the length of a haversian system |
| haversian systems | "microscopic, laminated cylinders of bone that make up compact boen" |
| head | spheroidal articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone |
| hematopoiesis | blood cell production |
| hematopoietic tissue | tissue that produces blood cells |
| Hinge Joints | joint whereby one surface swivels around another like a door hingle |
| hock | ankle joint; joins the tibiotarsus and the tarsometatarsus |
| humerus | long bone of the brachium or upper arm |
| hyoid apparatus | hyoid bone |
| hyoid bone | "bone in the neck region that supports the base of the tongue, the pharynx, and the larynx and aids the process of swallowing" |
| Ilium | most cranial of the three pairs of bones that make up the pelvis |
| Incisive bones | skull bones that are part of the external bones of the face |
| Incus | "one of the three ossicles, the tiny bones that trasnmit sound wave vibrations across themiddle ear." |
| insertion of the muscle | most movable of the attachment sites of a muscle |
| inspiratory muscles | muscle whose action is to increase the size of the thoracic cavity |
| intercalated discs | en-to-end attachment sites between adjacent cardiac muscle cells |
| Interparietal bones | skull bones that are part of the external bones of the cranium |
| intervertebral discs | cartilaginous disk located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae |
| intramembranous bone formation | membrane bone formation; only occurs in certain skull bones when bone forms in the fibrous tissue membranes that cover the brain in a developing fetus |
| involuntary muscle | old name for smooth muscle |
| Irregular bones | "boen whose shape does not fit into the long bone, short bone , or flat bone categories" |
| Ischium | most caudal of the three pairs of bones that make up the pelvis |
| joint capsule | membrane that encloses the ends of the bones in a synovial joint |
| joint cavity | fluid-filled potential space between the joint surfaces of a synovial joint |
| joint space | aka joint cavity |
| Joints | junction between two bones |
| keel | bony ridge of the sternum of birds to which flight muscles attach |
| Ligaments | band of fibrous connective tissue that is present in and around mahy synovial joints |
| Long bones | bonest that are longer than they are wide |
| Lumbar vertebrae | group of vertebrae located dorsal to the abdominal region |
| Malleus | "one of the three ossicles, the tiny bones that trasnmit sound wave vibrations across the middle ear." |
| mandible | skull bone; one of the external bones of the face |
| mandibular symphysis | cartilaginous joint that unites the two sides of themandible at the rostral end |
| manubrium | "first, most cranial sternebra" |
| Maxillary Bones | skull bones; external bones of the face |
| maxillary sinuses | paranasal sinus in the maxillary bones |
| meniscus | "one of two concave, half moon shaped, cartilaginous structures on the proximal surface of the tibia that help support the condyles of the femur" |
| metacarpal bones | bone sof the forelimb that lie between the carpals and phalanges of quadrupeds |
| metatarsal bones | bones of the pelvinc limbs located between the tarsus and the phalanges |
| metatarsal pad | bottom of a birds' food |
| motor unit | one nerve fiber and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| multiunit smooth muscle | type of smooth muscle ocmposed of individual smooth muscle cells or small groups of cells |
| myofibrils | "microscopic, fiberl ike struc utures that occupy most of the cytoplasm in skeletal muscle cells" |
| myoglobin | protein in muscle cells that has properties similar to hemoglobin |
| myosin filaments | one of the wo contractile proteins of muscle that lsideover each other to prode the shortening of the muscle cell that we refer to as muscle contractiosn |
| Nasal Bones | skull bones that are a part of the eternal bones of the face |
| nasal conchae | skull bones that are part of the internal bones of the face; aka turbinates |
| nasal septum | midline barrier that separates the left and right nasal passages |
| navicular bone | distal sesamoid bone of the horse |
| neck | area of a bone that joins the hehad with the main protion of the bone |
| neuromuscular junctions | the connection between the end bulb of a motor nerve fiber and a skeletal muscle cell |
| nonstriated involuntary muscle | old name for smooth muscle |
| nutrient foramina | large channel through the cortex of alarge bone through whcil large blood vessels pass carrying blood to and from the bone marrow |
| obturator foramina | pair of large holes in the pelvis located on either side of the pelvic symphysis |
| Occipital bone | skull bone that is one of the external bones of the cranium |
| occipital condyles | one of two articular surfaces on the occipital bone |
| olecranon process | large process on the proximal end of the ulna that forms that point of the elbow |
| origin of the muscle | more stable of the attachment sites of a muscle |
| Os cordis | visceral bone in the heart of cattle that helps support the valves of the heart |
| Os penis | visceral bone in the penis of dogs that partially surrounds the penile portion of the urethra |
| Os rostri | visceral bone in the snout of swine that strengthens it for the rootin behavior of pigs |
| ossicles | skull bones that are the bones of the ear |
| ossification | mineralization or hardening of bone |
| Osteoblasts | cells that produce bone |
| Osteoclasts | "lare, multinuclear cells of the bone that absorb bone and structures and reshape remodel damaged bones" |
| Osteocytes | matrue bone cell |
| Palatine Bones | skull bones that are part of the internal bones of the face; aka turbinates |
| palpated | examine parts of the body by touching and feeling them |
| paranasal sinus | space within a ksull bone that is an outpouching of the nasal cavity |
| parathyroid hormone | "endocrine glands consisting of several small nodules located in, on, or near the thyroid gland" |
| Parietal bones | skull bones that are among the external bones of the cranium |
| patagium | lightly vascularized web of skin in birds externding from the shoulder to the wrise |
| patella | kneecap; largest sesamoid bone in the body |
| pectoral crest | "thin, widened area on the proximal humerus where the wing muscles of a bird attach" |
| pectoralis | large lfight muscle originating from the keel and inserting on the humerus |
| pelvic limb | hind limb |
| pelvic symphysis | cartilaginous joint that unites the two halves of the pelvis ventrally |
| pelvis | most proximal bone strucutre of the pelvic limb |
| perimysium | fibrous connective tissue layer in skeletal muscle that surrounds groups of nmuscle fibers and binds them into groups called fascicles |
| periosteum | fibrous membrane that covers the outsides of bones except for their articular surfaces |
| phalanges/phalanx | bone of a digit |
| pituitary fossa | depression in the dorsal surface of sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland in the living animal |
| Pivot Joints | joint that allows only a rotary motion |
| primary growth center | main growth area o f a bone developing by the endochondral method |
| prime mover | muscle/muscle group that directly produces a desired movement |
| process | "general name for a lump, bump, or other projection on a bone" |
| Pterygoid Bones | skull bones that are part of the internal bones of the face |
| Pubis | smallest and most medial of the three pairs of bones that make up the pelvis |
| pygostyle | bony plate in birds formed by the fusion of several coccygeal vertebrae |
| radius | one of thtwo bones that form the antebrachium or forearm |
| Ramus of the mandible | vertical portion of the mandible located at its caudal end |
| Red bone marrow | hematopoietic type of bone marrow |
| ribs | long bones of the axial skeleton that form the lateral walls of the thorax |
| Rotation | joint movement that consists of a twisting motion of a part on its own axis |
| sacral vertebrae | vertebrae of the pelvic region |
| sacroiliac join | joint between the pelvis and the sacrum that jions the pelvic limb to the axial skeleton |
| sacrum | solid structure formed by the fusion of the sacral vertebrae |
| sarcomere | basic contracting unit of skeletal muscle |
| sarcoplasm | cytoplasm of a muscle cell |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | organelle in a muscle cell that is equivalent to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells |
| scapula | shoulder blad; most proximal bone of the thoracic lumb |
| sclerotic ring | bony paltest aht act as a protective border of the eye sockets |
| secondary growth centers | secondary areas of growth in bones developing by the endochondral method. |
| Shaft | "keratinized, visible portion of hair that extends above the surface of the epithelium" |
| Short bones | small bone shaped like a small cube |
| skeletal muscle fibers | "multinucleated, striated, voluntary muscle that enables conscious movement of an animal" |
| skull | collective name of the 37 or 38 bones of the head |
| sphenoid bone | skull bone that is one of the internal bones of the cranium |
| sphenoidal sinus | paranasal sinus in the sphenoid bone |
| spheroidal joints | ball-and-socket joint |
| spinal canal | "long, flexible, caudla portion of the dorsal body cavity formed by the adjacent arches of the vertebrae of the spine" |
| spinal column | "aka vertebral column; collective name for the cervical, thoracic, lumber, sacral, and cocygeal vertebrae" |
| spinous process | "single, dorsally projecting process of a vertebra" |
| splint bones | vestigial cmetacarpal and metatarsal bones of ahorse's leg |
| Stapes | "one of the three ossicles, which are the tiny bones that transmit sound wave vibrations across the middle ear" |
| sternal ribs | rib whose costal cartilage directly jions the sternum |
| sternebrae | bone of the sternum |
| sternum | breastbone; series of rodlike bones called sternebrae that form the floor of the thorax |
| stifle joint | jiont between the femur and the tibia |
| supracoracoideus | "small, deep flight muscle originating on the keel and inserting on the top of the humerus" |
| sutures | immovable fibrous joint that unites most of the ksull bones |
| synarthrosis | immovable fibrous joint (sutures) |
| synergist | something that aids the action of something else |
| synovial fluid | viscous fluid formed by the lining layer of the jiont capsule of a synovial joint |
| synovial joint | freely movable joint |
| synovial membrane | membrane that lines jiont capsule |
| synsacrum | "strong bony plate created by the fusion of the distal lumbar vertebrae, the sacral vertebrae, and the first few coccygeal vertebrae" |
| tail autonomy | the process of some lizards' breaking off a portion of their tail |
| tarsal bones | "bones of the tarsus, consisting of two rows of short bones located between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the rpoximal ends of the metatarsal bones" |
| tarsus | joint composed of the tarsal bones |
| Temporal bones | skull bones athat are part of the external bones of the cranium |
| temporomandibular joints (TMJs) | the hinge joint one each side of the lower jaw that connects it with the rest of the skull |
| tendons | fibrous connective tissue bands that connect skeletal muscles ot bones |
| Thoracic limb | front limb |
| thoracic vertebrae | group of vertebrae located dorsal to the thoracic region |
| tibia | main weight bearing bone of the lower leg |
| tibial crest | longitudinal ridge on the fron tf the proximal end of the tibia |
| transverse processes | lateral projecting process of a vertebra |
| transverse tubules or T tubules | system of tubule in a skeletal muscle cell that extend from the sarcolemma into the depths of the cell |
| trochoid joints | aka pivot joint; one bone pivots on another in a rotary motion |
| Turbinates | skull bones athat are part of the internal bones of the face; four thin scroll like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal cavity |
| tympanic membrane | eardrum |
| ulna | one of the two bones that form the antebrachium or forearm |
| uncinate process | projection on the complete rib that overlaps the adjoining rear rib to strengthn the rib cage |
| ungual process | process on the distal end of the distal phalanx of dogs and cats that is surrounded by the claw in the living animal |
| vertebrae | one of the bones of the spinal column |
| vertebral column | aka spinal column |
| viscera | soft organs |
| visceral skeleton | bones formed in soft organs |
| visceral smooth muscle | type of smooth muscle ofound in the walls of many soft internal organs |
| Volkmann’s canals | one of countelss itny channels thorugh the matrix of bone that bring lbood in from the periosteum to the haversian canals in the centers of the haversian systems |
| Vomer Bone | skull bone that is one of the internal bones of the face |
| xiphoid | "last, most caudal sternebra" |
| Yellow bone marrow | most ocommon type of bone marrow in adult animals |
| Z line | dark line in the center of the light band (I band) of skeletal muscle |
| zygodactyl | toe position in some birds in which the fourth digis is opposable and can be positioned forward or to the rear |
| Zygomatic Bones | skull bones athat are part of the eternal bones of the face |
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