Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&P Ass3 Terms
Penn Foster Intro to A&P Assignment 3 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adult hemoglobin | the primary type of hemoglobin found in RBCs of animals beginning a couple of weeks to a couple of months after birth |
| agranulocytes | WBCs w/o cytoplasmic granules |
| air sacs | "9 thin, transparent membranes in birds that are connected to the primary & secondary bronchi & act as reservoirs for entering & leaving the lungs" |
| alveolar ducts | the smallest air passageways in the lungs |
| alveolar sacs | clusters of alveoli at the ends of the alveolar ducts |
| alveoli | "microscopic, thin-walled sacs surrounds by networks of capillaries" |
| Anemia | "decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood caused by insufficient numbers of RBCs, decreased hemoglobin concern, or a combo of both" |
| antigen | "cells or organisms that are ""not self""; initiates an immune response" |
| aorta | major artery of the systemic circulation that receives blood from the LV |
| aortic valve | a semilunar valve; separates the LV & the aorta during diastole |
| arytenoid cartilages | two of the cartilages of the larynx; attach to vocal cords |
| auricles | ear-shaped appendage of either atrium of the heart |
| B Lymphocytes | the type of lymphocyte that is responsible for humoral immunity through its transformation into a plasma cell & production of antibodies |
| basopenia | decrease in the total number of basophils in peripheral blood |
| Basophils | "granulocytic WBC characterized by the presence of numerous, dark blue-staining" |
| bifurcation of the trachea | the division of the trachea at its caudal end into the left & right main bronchi |
| bilirubin | the yellow breakdown product of hemoglobin |
| blastic transformation | B lymphocytes become plasma cells that produce antibodies |
| bronchi | largest air passageways in the lungs; branch into bronchial tree |
| bronchial tree | air passageways in the lungs between the main bronchi & the alveoli |
| bronchioles | some of the smallest branches of the bronchial tree; divide into alveolar ducts |
| bursa of Fabricius | specialized organ in brids needed for B lymphocyte development |
| Cardiac output | amount of blood that leaves the heart |
| cell-mediated immunity | "portion of the immune system that produces ""killer"" cells that directly attack foreign invaders" |
| Chemical system | "respiratory control that monitors the pH, O2 & CO2 content." |
| chemotaxis | movement of WBC to an area of inflammation in response to chemical mediators |
| choanae | 2 internal nares that open from the nasal chmabers into the roof of the mouth |
| chordae tendinae | "fine, threadlike cords that connect 2 AV to the appropriate papillary muscles in the ventricles" |
| chylomicrons | microscopic particles of fat found in chle & blood |
| circulating pool | neutrophils found in the peripheral blood flowing through the center of blood vessels |
| cricoid cartilage | one of the cartilages in the larynx; form & support the caudal portion of the larynx |
| Deoxyhemoglobin | hemoglobin that is not carrying oxygen |
| diapedesis | WBC leave the blood vessel & enter the tissue by squeezing through the tiny spaces between the cells lining the blood vessel walls |
| diaphragm | "thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle that forms the boundary between the thoracic & abdominal cavities" |
| diaphragmaticus | the muscle that attaches the caudal aspect of the liver to the pubis is reptiles & amphibians |
| diastole | partrt of the cardica cycle associated w/ relaxation of the atria & ventricles & the filling of the chambers w/ blood |
| edema | abnormal accumulation of fluid (localized/generalized) w/I the tissues/cavities of the body |
| electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG | recording of the electrical activity of the heart |
| Embryonic Hemoglobin (HbE) | hemoglobin found in RBCs during early fetal life. |
| eosinopenia | decrease in the total number of eosinophils in peripheral blood |
| eosinophilia | increase in the total number of eosinophils in peripheral blood |
| Eosinophils | granulocytic WBC characterized by the presence of numerous red-staining granules |
| epiglottis | "most rostral of laryngeal cartilages, assists in breathing & swallowing" |
| epitope | the amino acids on the cell surface of antigens |
| erythropoiesis | production of erythrocytes |
| expiration | pushing air out of the lungs; exhalation |
| external respiration | process of respiration that occurs in the lungs |
| extravascular hemolysis | destruction of RBCs outside of a blood vessel |
| false vocal cords | vestibular folds; connective tissue b&s in the larynx of nonruminant animals in addition to vocal cords |
| faveoli | minute pits or depressions |
| Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF) | predominant hemoglovin in RBCs during later part of gestation |
| fibrinolysis | destruction of the fibrin str&s that make up the matrix of a clot |
| foramen of Panizza | shunt connecting the left & right atria in the crocodile heart |
| glottis | opening in the larynx |
| granulocytes | WBCs characterized by the presence of granules |
| granulopoiesis | production of granulocytes |
| gular fluttering | rapid vibations of the upper trhoart patch in some birds; used to increase cooling |
| gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) | lymphoid tissue scattered throughout the lining of the intestines |
| haptoglobin | transport plasma protein that carries free hemoglobin from intravascular hemolysis to the macrophages of the MPS for further breakdown |
| Heart rate | how often the heart contracts |
| Hematopoiesis | blood cell production |
| hematopoietic stem cells | tissue that produces blood cells |
| hemoconcentration | condition resulting from loss of plasma from blood into tissue |
| hemodilution | condition resulting in excess fluiid entering blood from tisse or IV injection |
| Hemoglobin | protein molecules found inside RBCs that are responsible for carrying oxygen molecules |
| hemoglobinemia | hemoglobin in plasma |
| hemoglobinuria | free hemoglobin found in urine |
| hemostasis | stoppind the flow of blood out of a blood vessle |
| Heterophils | phagocytic avian WBC similar to neutrophil |
| hilus | isolated area of some organs where blood vessles & other structures enter & leave |
| homeostasis | state of chemical equilibrium maintained in the body by feedback & regulation processes in response to internal & external changes |
| humoral immune response | type of defense immune response regulated by B lymphocytes |
| immunoglobulins | "created by B lymphocytes, aka antibodies" |
| inspiration | process of drawing air into the lungs; inhalation |
| intercostal spaces | space between two ribs |
| internal respiration | exchange of O2 & CO2 between the blood in the capillaries all over the body & the cells & tissues of the body |
| interpleural space | space betwween the pleural covering of the right & left lung |
| intravascular hemolysis | destructuion of RBCs w/I a blood vessel |
| larynx | """voice box"" short, irregulat tube of cartilage & muscle that connects the pharynx w/ the trachea" |
| lateral ventricles | blind pouches that project laterally between the vocal cords & the vestibular folds in the larynxes of nonruminants |
| lobes | subdivisions of the lungs |
| lower respiratory tract | all of the respiratory strucutres w/i the lungs |
| lymph | excess tissue fluid that is picked up by lymph vessels & retured to peripheral blood |
| Lymphocytosis | increase in the number of lyphocytes |
| Lymphopenia | decrease in the number of lymphocytes |
| lysosomes | organelle that fights pathogens; contains digestive enzymes that help destroy microorganisms that have been eaten by neutrophils |
| marginal pool | neutrophils found lining the walls of small blood vessels |
| mast cells | transient cell of connective tissue containing heparin & histamine used in the inflammatory response |
| Mechanical system | sets inspiration & expiration limits for normal resting breathing |
| mediastinum | area of the thorax between the lungs |
| megakaryocytes | "large, multinucleated cells in red bone marrow that are parent cells of platelets" |
| memory cells | lymphocytes that are programmed to remember the antigen that caused a previous immune response & to produce a more rapid response the second time |
| mesobronchi | avian bronchi that has entered the lungs & lost their reinforcing cartilaginous rings |
| minute volume | volume of air that an animal breathes in & out during one minute |
| mitral valve | left AV valve; separates the LA & venticle & protects the pulmonary venous system from the high pressures in the LV during systole |
| Monocytes | "large, phagocytic WBC" |
| monocytopenia | decrease in the number of monocytes |
| monocytosis | increase in the number of monocytes |
| mononuclear phagocyte system | collective term fro monocytes & tissue macrophages |
| multicameral lung | multichambered lung |
| myocardium | middle layre of the heaert & the main muscle layer responsible for contraction during systole |
| nares | nostrils |
| nasal meatus | any of the main passageways in the nasal cavity |
| nasal passages | convoluted air passageways in the nose that conduct air between the nostrils & the pharynx |
| nasal septum | midline barrier that separates the left & right nasal passages |
| Natural Killer Cells (NK) | lymphocytes that are neither T lymphocytes nor B lymphocytes but have the ability to kill some types of tumor cells & cells infected w/ various viruses |
| Neutrophils | phagocytes & first line of defense because of fast response time |
| olfactory sense | sense of smell |
| opsonins | plasma protein that cotas an antigen making it more attractive to phagocytes |
| opsonization | process by which osonins coat an antigen |
| Oxyhemoglobin | hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen |
| papillary muscles | "muscular, nipplelike projectiions in the heart that anchor the chordae tendineae" |
| parabronchi | subdivisions of the secondary bronchi in birds |
| paranasal sinuses | space w/i a skull bone that is an outpouching of the nasal cavity |
| partial pressure | portion of the overall pressure each gas exerts |
| paucicameral lung | lung w/ four chambers |
| pericardium | tissue that forms a sac around the heart to protect it & to control the movement of the heart w/i the throax |
| Peripheral blood | blood outside the bone marrow that is flowing to & from the heart & lungs in blood vessles |
| petechiae | "small hemorrhage found on the skin, mucous membranes, & serosal surfaces" |
| phagocytosis | ingestion of microorganisms by phagocytic cells |
| pharynx | throat; common passageway for the respiratory & digestive systems |
| phonation | voice production |
| Pleomorphic | describes a monocyte nucles that can change shape w/o dividing into segments |
| pluripotent stem cells (PPSCs | primitive cell type found in red bone marrow |
| polychromasia | describes immature RBC cytoplasm when it is still metabolicailly acive & has started prducing hemoglobin |
| Polycythemia | abnomral increase in number of RBCs |
| Polymorphonuclear | describes a nucleus that has many shapes |
| pulmonary | adj referring to the lungs |
| pulmonary artery | arises from the RV that delivers blood into the pulmonary circulation |
| pulmonary circulation | delivers unoxygenated blood to the lungs & oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart |
| pulmonary valve | separates the RV & the pulmonary arter during diastole |
| pyknotic | nucleus has died |
| red bone marrow | hematopoietic type of bone marrow |
| red pulp | area of the spleen that is filled w/ blood sinusoids & macrophages |
| renal portal system | the network of veins that transport blood from the extremities to the kidneys before returing it to the heart in birds. |
| residual volume | volume of air remaining in the lungs after the max amount of air has been forced out b expiration |
| respiratory center | area in the brain stem that controls the berathing process |
| roaring | produced by paralysis of the muscles that tighten the arytenoid cartilages & vocal cord on one side (usually left); laryngeal hemiplegia |
| senescence | process of aging |
| septum | partition in an organ or area |
| sinoatrial node | groups of specialized caridac muscle cells in the wall of the RA of the heart acts as the heart's pacemaker |
| sinuses | outpouching of the nasal passages that are housed w/i spaces in areas of the skull bones |
| Stroke volume | amount of blood ejected w/ each cardiac contraction |
| sulcus | "grooves, especially shallow grooves, in the cerebral cortex" |
| surfactant | componenet of the fluid that lines the alveoli in the lungs |
| syrinx | enlargement of the trachea above the sternum (birds) |
| systole | part of the cardiac cycle assoc w/ contraction of the ventricles & atria & ejection of blood into the arterial systems |
| T Lymphocytes | responsible for cell-mediated immunity |
| thoracic duct | large lymph vessel found in the thorax |
| thorax | aka thoracic/chest cavity |
| Thrombocytes | platelets |
| thrombopoiesis | production of platelets |
| thymocytes | pre T-cells in the thymus |
| thyroid cartilage | V-shaped that forms & supports the ventral portion of the larynx |
| tidal volume | volume of air breathed in & out in one breath |
| trachea | "windpipe; short, wide ube that extends from the larynx to the thorax & branches into the left & right main bronchi" |
| tricuspid valve | right AV valve; separates the RA & ventricle |
| turbinates | "4 thin, scroll-like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal cavity" |
| unicameral lung | one-chambered lung |
| upper respiratory tract | respiratory structures outside the lungs |
| vestibular folds | false vocal cords |
| vocal cords or vocal folds | 2 fibrous connective tissue b&s attached to the arytenoid cartilages that stretch across the lumen of the larynx & vibrate as air passes over them |
| white pulp | area of the spleen that contains lymphocytes |
| whole blood | blood that contains plasma & all the formed elements |
| yellow bone marrow | most common; consist mainly of adipose connective tissue |
Created by:
armyhorses
Popular Veterinary sets