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Anthropology Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Artifacts | any object fashioned or altered by humans |
| Material Culture | the durable aspects of cultures, such as tools, structures, and art. |
| Ecofacts | The natural remains of plants and animals found in the archaeological record. |
| Features | A non-portable element such as a hearth or an architectural element such as a wall that is preserved in the archaeological record. |
| Fossil | Any mineralized trace or impression of an organism that has been preserved in the earth’s crust from past geologic time. |
| Taphonomy | The study of how bones and other materials come to be preserved in the earth as fossils. |
| Paleoanthropology | the branch of anthropology concerned with fossil hominids. |
| Difficulties in interpreting fossils | Scarcity, Locating sites, Reconstruction, Fraud-Hoax |
| Relative dating | a comparative method of dating by designating an event, object, or fossil as being older or younger than another. Stratigraphy Fluorine Dating Seriation Palynology |
| Chronometric dating | a method of estimating the specific date of fossils or sites based on units of absolute time. Application of chemistry and physics to calculate the ages of physical and cultural remains. Radiocarbon dating Dendrochronology Potassium-Argon dating |
| Theories on the beginning of life | Creation Biogenesis Spontaneous Generation |
| In what era did Primate and Hominid Evolution take place? | Cenozoic Era |
| Paleocene Epoch: 65mya – 54mya | Plesiadapiforms Lack postorbital bar |
| Eocene Epoch: 54mya – 34mya | The first “true” primates Eosimias Aegyptopithecus Apidium |
| Oligocene Epoch: 34mya – 23mya | Old World and New World Anthropoids Amphipithecus |
| Proconsul | Africa Early Miocene 23mya - 17mya |
| Sivapithecus | Asia & Europe Late Miocene 14mya – 7mya |
| Gigantopithecus | Asia Late Miocene 9mya |
| Dryopithecus | Europe Middle & Late Miocene |
| The First Hominids | Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin tugenesis Ardipithecus ramidus |
| Homo neanderthalensi | I have a sloping forehead, a low skull, little to no chin, and large brow ridges |
| bifaces | Stone tools that are worked on both sides producing great symmetry and efficiency |
| Name three cultural characteristics of Homo neanderthalensis | Shelter, clothing, hunting, fire, caring for the hurt, caring for the aged, death & burial, ideology, social interaction, language, musical instruments |
| The protruding back portion of the skull in Homo neanderthalensis | occipital bun |
| Classic Neanderthals | found in European areas and are shorter, stockier, and have a more robust build |
| Progressive Neanderthals | found in Middle Eastern areas. |
| The tool tradition of Neanderthals is termed | Mousterian |
| a new tool identified in Mousterian tradition | Stone tips affixed to spears |
| The tool tradition of Homo sapien is termed | Aurignacian |
| Name two new tools identified in Aurignacian tradition | Bow/arrow, burin, knives, harpoons, atatl, spear points (made from new materials), animal traps, fish spears, needles |
| Provide three reasons that bipedalism is viewed as an adaptation | Carry tools, Carry infants, Carry food, Predator avoidance, Heat stress, Energy Efficiency |
| Genus Homo appeared in the | Pleistocene Epoch |
| My name translates to “able” or “handy” man. Though bipedal I still had great climbing ability. My brain was 30% larger than an australopithecine brain. I am | Homo habilis |
| The tool tradition of Homo rudolfensis was | Oldowan |
| Based on current evidence it is believed I was the first to leave Africa. I am | Homo erectus |
| The tool tradition of Homo erectus was | Acheulian |
| I lived in the Pleistocene.I have large posterior teeth & a face much larger than modern humans.My brain is larger than earlier hominid species.Endocasts of my brain case found fissures in the frontal lobes similar to those of modern humans. I am | Homo rudolfensis |
| T/F The brain developed prior to bipedalism | False |
| This theory regarding the timing of evolution was suggested by Stephen Gould and asserts that evolution occurs via long periods of stability or stasis punctuated by periods of rapid change. | Punctuated equilibria |
| Evolutionary status unclear. My primitive features include small brain, pronounced prognathism, & small ear hole. My derived features include small molars, flat face, & tall cheek region.I am similar to Homo rudolfensis.Found in Kenya & dating to 3.5 mya | Kenyanthropus platyops. |
| Miocene Epoch of the Cenozioc Era. I share cranial features with living apes and early hominids including Y-5 cusp pattern, long & low braincase & a lower face that tilts downward. I am a candidate as ancestor to later African apes and hominids | Dryopithecus |
| I date as far back as 9mya and was most recently found in China dating to only 300,000 years ago. With my huge molar and pre-molar teeth, thick enamel, and pronounced sagittal crest, I exemplify the diversity of the Miocene | Gigantopithecus |
| Regarding the “big split” in molecular genetics, the line leading to modern day chimpanzees is believed to have split ____ from the line leading to hominids | 6-5 mya |
| The theory of human origins that asserts life on earth is a product of a gradual buildup of non-living molecules in a step-like process that gradually gave rise to living molecules capable of duplicating themselves is termed | Spontaneous Generation |
| The flared ridge of the skull for large temporal muscle attachments, seen in both Miocene apes and robust Australopithecines, is termed | sagittal crest |
| The oldest fossil suggested to be hominid is_________. Though no postcranial bones have been found yet, this fossil is thought to be bipedal due to the placement of the foramen magnum | Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
| A gracile australopithecine,_______________, nicknamed “Lucy” stood about 3 feet and weighed around 60 lbs. | Australopithecus afarensis |
| A relatively recent fossil found in 2001 in Kenya,_______ exhibits characteristics that cause the evolutionary status to be unclear: a small brain, pronounced prognathism, small molars, a flat face, and a tall cheek region. | Kenyanthropus platyops |
| . The most robust of the robust australopithecines is | Australopithecus boisei |
| _____________ and __________ are thought to be plausible candidates for ancestors of Homo. | Australopithecus africanus & Australopithecus garhi |
| . I lack a postorbital bar. I am a ____________ | Plesiadapiform |
| ____________ is an Eocene primate thought to be a plausible ancestor of all catarrhines due to 2123 dental formula and Y-5 cusp pattern. | Aegyptopithecus |
| The first “true” primates appear in the _______ Epoch. | Eocene |
| The theory on human origins that proposes life came from pre-existing life somewhere else is termed _____________ | Biogenesis |
| The origin and evolution of primates takes place in the _____ Era. | Cenozoic |
| A theory regarding the timing of evolution. Proposes that physical traits change slowly and consistently over time: | Gradual Evolution |
| T/F: Amphipithecus had a postorbital bar | True |
| I am ___________. I date to the Miocene Epoch of the Cenozoic Era. I share characteristics with the modern day orangutan and I am found in both Asia and Europe | Sivapithecus |
| one of the earliest known apes, dating to 23mya – 17mya, and exhibiting traits such as thin enamel, no tail, overall limb proportions more like a monkey than ape because they are roughly the same size. | Proconsul |
| Regarding the “big split” in molecular genetics, the line leading to modern day gorillas is believed to have split______ from the line leading to hominids. | 8-6 mya |
| Characteristics of Humans | Distribution and Environment Brain Size and Structure Bipedalism Canine Teeth Sex and Reproduction Social Structure |
| Homo sapiens | 130,000 years ago Africa – S. Asia – Europe – North America Aurignacian tool technology |
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