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Agronomy
Plant and Soil Science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Species | Genetically similar individuals that produce fertile offspring |
| Subspecies | members of a species that are geographically isolated |
| Hybrid | The result of two or more inbred and diverse pure lines being crossed with a species |
| Radicle | Embryonic Root |
| Adventitious Roots | Roots that form from non-root structures |
| seminal roots | Roots that develop from the radicle |
| Mycorrhizae | fungus that grows on roots that have a symbiotic relationship |
| Nodes | Point of attachment of buds and appendages |
| internodes | portion of stem between nodes |
| Terminal buds | primary growing point |
| axillary buds | a bud that grows from a leaf that may turn into a flower |
| hebaceous plants | a plant thats leaves and stems die down at the end of a growing season no woody stem above ground |
| woody plants | perennial plants whose stems are reinforced by wood |
| Culm | monocot stem |
| Rhizome | horizontal underground stem |
| Stolon | horizontal above ground stem |
| tiller | vertically growing stem |
| tuber | elongated terminal portion of a rhizome |
| tendril | slender coiling stem structure |
| inflorescence | flower bearing branch |
| awn | mid rib of lemma that extends beyond tip |
| beard | collection of awns |
| spikelet | basic unit of inflorescence |
| complete flower | has all four flower parts= corolla, calyx, pistil, stamen |
| incomplete flower | lacks one or more flower parts |
| perfect flower | has pistil and stamen |
| imperfect flower | lacks pistil or stamen |
| Caryopsis | grass fruit |
| hypocotyls | part of stem below cotyledons |
| epicotyl | part of stem above cotyledons |
| percarp | ovary wall |
| exocarp | outer layer of pericarp |
| Mesocarp | middle layer of pericarp, meat |
| Endocarp | inner later, pit |
| Coleoptile | sheath protecting young sheath tip in grass |
| Calorie | unit of heat energy |
| Joule | SI unit of work or energy |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| kinetic energy | energy in motion |
| enzymes | protein manufactured by a cell |
| Soil texture | relative proportions of particles of different sizes of sand silt and clay |
| soil structure | arrangement of particles |
| tillage | seed bed preparation for weed control and to improve soil structure |
| conventional tillage | clean till, no crop residue |
| conservation tillage | reduce tillage to reduce wind and soil erosion |
| reduce tillage | rely more on chemical weed control |
| strip till | cultivate next to crop, 50% crop residue remaining |
| Covalent bonding | shared electrons |
| polar bonding | unequal sharing of electrons |
| polar covalent bonding | shared between elements |
| hydrogen bonds | weak bond between two molecules |
| cohesion | attraction between similar compounds |
| adhesion | attraction between dissimilar compounds |
| field capacity | amount of water held in soil |
| saturated soil | soil pores full |
| wilting point | water in soil not available to plant |
| macronutrients | NPKMgSCa lacking in soil |
| Micronutrients | needed for plant growth and development |
| cations | positively charged ion |
| anions | negatively charged ions |
| polyatomic ions | charged ion composed of two atoms |
| traits | unique characteristics of an indivudual |
| genes | unit of inheritance |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an individual |
| phenotype | physical makeup of an individual |
| alleles | forms of a gene |
| recessive | expressed when homozygous lower case letter |
| dominant | expressed when present upper case letter |
| homozygous | alleles are alike |
| heterozygous | alleles are different |
| Chromosome | carriers of heredity |
| hybridization | process of crossing organisms of dissimilar genotypes |
| Filial | F1, generations |
| carl linnaeus | developed binomial classification system |
| roots | anchorage, absorption, conduction, storage |
| stems | elongated axis on which lateral appendages are attached |
| leaves | site of photosynthesis, transpiration, conduction, storage |
| flowers | reproductive structure that attracts pollinating organisms |
| fruit | ripened ovary containing ovule |
| xylem | vascular tissue that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from root and helps for wood for stem |
| phloem | vascular tissue that conducts sugars and metabolic products downward from leaves |
| seed | fertilized ovules |
| inflorescence types | spiked, raceme, panicle |
| Laws of thermodynamics | energy cannot be changed from one form to another, and cannot be created or destroyed |
| Photosynthesis | CO2+H2O+Sunlight = C6H12O6+O2 |
| Respiration | oxidation of organic substance with high energy to release energy |
| Light reaction | requires sunlight |
| dark reaction | Calvin-Benson Cycle- enzymatic reactions where CO2 is incorporated into a 5 carbon compound |
| RUBP | Ribulose Biphosphate |
| RUBISCO | enzyme that drives the reaction |
| Sand | Largest of 3, low surface to volume ratio, low water holding capacity, high percolation rate, low nutrient holding capacity |
| silt | intermediate |
| clay | Smallest of 3, high surface to volume ratio, high water holding capacity, low percolation rate, high nutrient holding capacity |
| Soil Phases | solid, liquid, gas |
| Ideal soil texture | 30% sand, 30% silt, 30% clay, 5-10% organic matter |
| Soil Horizons | O-Horizon, A-Horizon, B-horizon, C-Horizon, R-Horizon |
| 10 most common elements required for plant growth | C HOPKNS CaFe Mg |
| Restriction Enzymes | Enzymes that cut strands of DNA at specific places |
| DNA Ligase | enzyme that joins sticky end of two strands of DNA |
| Gregor Mendel | Father of modern genetics |
| Watson & Crick | Discoverers of DNA double helix |
| GMO | Organism with two or more genes from another species |
| Vector | transport device to introduce rDNA to host cell |
| Transgenic Organism | Genetically modified organism |
| Agrobacterium Tumicacians | Pathogenic soil bacteria |
| Ti | Tumor inducing plasmid |
| gene cannon | minute metal beads coated with DNA are shot into a plants cells |
| Tropical climate | warm (rarely freezes) |
| Subtropical Climate | warm (occasional freeze) |
| Temperate Climate | Distinct seasons |
| Boreal Climate | Cold regions |
| Gymnosperm | naked seed, soft wooded trees |
| Angiosperm | flowering plants |
| Monocotyledon | Grasses, 1 cotyledon, parallel venation, scattered vascular bundle, flower parts in 3, fibrous root system |
| Dicotyledon | Broadleaf, 2 cotyledons, netted venation, vascular bundle in ring, flower parts in 5, tap root system |
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CrystaMomo
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