Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
ANS 311 Final
Vitamins & Minerals
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Vitamin A | Carotenoids (carotenes & xanthophylls); essential for cats; vision, epithelium; night blindness, dry eye, xeropthalmia, decreased fertility |
| Vitamin D | Cholecalciferol & ergocalciferol; cholesterol is precursor; 1,25 dihydroxyl vitamin __ maintains Ca |
| Vitamin E | Composed of two rings and a hydroxyl side chain; d-alpha-tocopherol is natural form; antioxidant; deficiencies - nutritional muscular dystrophy (myopathy), encephalomalacia (poultry), red blood cell hemolysis (hemoglobin in urine) |
| Vitamin K | Source - ruminants' microbial synthesis; blood clotting; deficiency - prolonged clotting & hemorrhagic disease in poultry (carcass quality); antagonism - moldy sweet clover (coumarin to dicoumarol) & warfarin |
| Thiamine (Vitamin B1) | Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) - coenzyme in decarboxylation; deficiency - change in appetite, "star gazing", growth retardation; competitors - antivitamins such as amprolium or thiaminase (in raw fish; causes Chastek paralysis) |
| Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) | Precursor to FAD and FMN (H carriers in redox rxns in mitochondria); deficiency - curled toe paralysis in chicks; impaired repro & dead at birth in swine |
| Niacin | Precursor to NAD & NADPH; synthesized from Trp (cats require it; waterfowl limited conversion); black tongue (dogs), pellagra (rough skin in humans), 4 D's (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death) |
| Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) | Transamination - converts Met to Cys; reduced growth and immune response; cofactor |
| Pantothenic Acid | Precursor to coenzyme A; synthesized by intestinal bacteria; goose stepping, stunted growth, poor feathering |
| Biotin | Converts pyruvate to OAA in TCA cycle; acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA; synthesized by intestinal bacteria; raw egg white feeding in pets; foot pad dermatitis in birds; hoof lesions & scaly dermatitis in large animals |
| Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) | Source - ruminants' microbial synthesis; binds to intrinsic factor and travels to ileum; pernicious anemia in humans; emaciation in livestock; most complex structure (has Co ion) |
| Folic Acid | Coenzyme in tetrahydrofolic acid; synthesis of purine, thymine; most common in humans (neural tube defects, spinal bifida); poultry (pale comb, depigmentation, brittle shafts) |
| Choline | Phospholipid synthesis; forms acetylcholine |
| Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) | Functions - collagen synthesis & antioxidant; scurvy; essential to humans and guinea pigs, not livestock |
| Calcium (Ca) | Regulated by PTH (osteoclasts) and calcitonin (osteoblasts); rickets, osteomalacia , milk fever, lactational eclampsia (same as milk fever for dogs/cats), pica, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (zoo animals), hip dysplasia, cage layer fatigue |
| Phosphorus (P) | P-phytate complex; phytase increases availability of P absorption; rickets, osteomalacia, pica; highly coupled with Ca |
| Magnesium (Mg) | Skeletal development; enzymatic roles; grass tetany/wheat grass poisoning - rich in N & K which inhibits Mg absorption; staggering, convulsing, collapsing, recumbency (30% death) |
| Sodium (Na) | Main extracellular cation; required for muscle contraction; active transport (pump) |
| Potassium (K) | Major intracellular cation; regulates osmotic pressure |
| Chlorine (Cl) | Major extracellular anion; regulates osmotic pressure |
| Sulfur (S) | Integral part of Met & Cys (TSAA); structural component; cartilage; sheep - reduced wool growth and birds - poor feathering |
| Iron (Fe) | Not efficiently absorbed, need acidic environment in duodenum; hypochromic microcytic anemia; piglets (give IM injection); transported as transferrin, stored as ferritin and hemosiderin; component of heme |
| Copper (Cu) | Ceruloplasmin - transfer enzyme; collagen/elastin formation, hair/wool pigmentation; scouring or diarrhea; discoloration around eyes; loss of wool crimp; swayback; toxicosis in sheep from high Mo (RBC degeneration, chocolate blood, green kidneys) |
| Cobalt (Co) | Required by ruminants; loss of appetite, emaciation; essential component of B12 |
| Iodine (I) | Constituent of thyroxin (regulates BMR); hypothyroidism (reduced BMR); hair loss, repro problems; goiters (thyroxin can't form, TSH releases, causes hypertrophy of thyroid gland; caused by deficient forages/goitrogens like Brassica) |
| Selenium (Se) | Component of GPX (glutathione peroxidase); alkali disease (hair loss, sloughing/cracking of hoof); white muscle disease (degeneration of skeletal muscle); encephalomalacia; antioxidant; works with Vitamin E |
| Manganese (Mn) | Bone formation, enzymes in carbs & lipid metabolism; perosis (slipped tendon in chickens); crippling/lameness in cows (eating lupine that blocks it) |
| Zinc (Zn) | Component of metalloenzymes; generic dry dog food disease; parakeratosis; lethal acrodermatitis (inability to absorb __; seen in certain dog breeds like huskies; stunted growth) |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | High levels cause toxicosis in sheep (link back to Cu); cofactor in enzyme systems |
Created by:
100000033006215