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ANS 311 Final
Vitamins & Minerals
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Vitamin A | Carotenoids (carotenes & xanthophylls); essential for cats; vision, epithelium; night blindness, dry eye, xeropthalmia, decreased fertility |
| Vitamin D | Cholecalciferol & ergocalciferol; cholesterol is precursor; 1,25 dihydroxyl vitamin __ maintains Ca |
| Vitamin E | Composed of two rings and a hydroxyl side chain; d-alpha-tocopherol is natural form; antioxidant; deficiencies - nutritional muscular dystrophy (myopathy), encephalomalacia (poultry), red blood cell hemolysis (hemoglobin in urine) |
| Vitamin K | Source - ruminants' microbial synthesis; blood clotting; deficiency - prolonged clotting & hemorrhagic disease in poultry (carcass quality); antagonism - moldy sweet clover (coumarin to dicoumarol) & warfarin |
| Thiamine (Vitamin B1) | Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) - coenzyme in decarboxylation; deficiency - change in appetite, "star gazing", growth retardation; competitors - antivitamins such as amprolium or thiaminase (in raw fish; causes Chastek paralysis) |
| Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) | Precursor to FAD and FMN (H carriers in redox rxns in mitochondria); deficiency - curled toe paralysis in chicks; impaired repro & dead at birth in swine |
| Niacin | Precursor to NAD & NADPH; synthesized from Trp (cats require it; waterfowl limited conversion); black tongue (dogs), pellagra (rough skin in humans), 4 D's (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death) |
| Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) | Transamination - converts Met to Cys; reduced growth and immune response; cofactor |
| Pantothenic Acid | Precursor to coenzyme A; synthesized by intestinal bacteria; goose stepping, stunted growth, poor feathering |
| Biotin | Converts pyruvate to OAA in TCA cycle; acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA; synthesized by intestinal bacteria; raw egg white feeding in pets; foot pad dermatitis in birds; hoof lesions & scaly dermatitis in large animals |
| Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) | Source - ruminants' microbial synthesis; binds to intrinsic factor and travels to ileum; pernicious anemia in humans; emaciation in livestock; most complex structure (has Co ion) |
| Folic Acid | Coenzyme in tetrahydrofolic acid; synthesis of purine, thymine; most common in humans (neural tube defects, spinal bifida); poultry (pale comb, depigmentation, brittle shafts) |
| Choline | Phospholipid synthesis; forms acetylcholine |
| Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) | Functions - collagen synthesis & antioxidant; scurvy; essential to humans and guinea pigs, not livestock |
| Calcium (Ca) | Regulated by PTH (osteoclasts) and calcitonin (osteoblasts); rickets, osteomalacia , milk fever, lactational eclampsia (same as milk fever for dogs/cats), pica, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (zoo animals), hip dysplasia, cage layer fatigue |
| Phosphorus (P) | P-phytate complex; phytase increases availability of P absorption; rickets, osteomalacia, pica; highly coupled with Ca |
| Magnesium (Mg) | Skeletal development; enzymatic roles; grass tetany/wheat grass poisoning - rich in N & K which inhibits Mg absorption; staggering, convulsing, collapsing, recumbency (30% death) |
| Sodium (Na) | Main extracellular cation; required for muscle contraction; active transport (pump) |
| Potassium (K) | Major intracellular cation; regulates osmotic pressure |
| Chlorine (Cl) | Major extracellular anion; regulates osmotic pressure |
| Sulfur (S) | Integral part of Met & Cys (TSAA); structural component; cartilage; sheep - reduced wool growth and birds - poor feathering |
| Iron (Fe) | Not efficiently absorbed, need acidic environment in duodenum; hypochromic microcytic anemia; piglets (give IM injection); transported as transferrin, stored as ferritin and hemosiderin; component of heme |
| Copper (Cu) | Ceruloplasmin - transfer enzyme; collagen/elastin formation, hair/wool pigmentation; scouring or diarrhea; discoloration around eyes; loss of wool crimp; swayback; toxicosis in sheep from high Mo (RBC degeneration, chocolate blood, green kidneys) |
| Cobalt (Co) | Required by ruminants; loss of appetite, emaciation; essential component of B12 |
| Iodine (I) | Constituent of thyroxin (regulates BMR); hypothyroidism (reduced BMR); hair loss, repro problems; goiters (thyroxin can't form, TSH releases, causes hypertrophy of thyroid gland; caused by deficient forages/goitrogens like Brassica) |
| Selenium (Se) | Component of GPX (glutathione peroxidase); alkali disease (hair loss, sloughing/cracking of hoof); white muscle disease (degeneration of skeletal muscle); encephalomalacia; antioxidant; works with Vitamin E |
| Manganese (Mn) | Bone formation, enzymes in carbs & lipid metabolism; perosis (slipped tendon in chickens); crippling/lameness in cows (eating lupine that blocks it) |
| Zinc (Zn) | Component of metalloenzymes; generic dry dog food disease; parakeratosis; lethal acrodermatitis (inability to absorb __; seen in certain dog breeds like huskies; stunted growth) |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | High levels cause toxicosis in sheep (link back to Cu); cofactor in enzyme systems |
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