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LE
Bovines
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| proper name for "cows" | cattle |
| proper terminology for cattle | bovine |
| cattle produce by-products such as | leather, gelatin, fertilizers and manure |
| all cattle are __________ having a specialized stomach with multiple compartments where plant matter is fermented | ruminants |
| what is a herbivore | consuming only vegetation and no meat |
| fermentation can only be done by ___________ not by the bovine itself | microorganisms |
| four compartments of the stomach | 1) reticulum 2) rumen 3) omasum 4) abomasum |
| digestion begins in the | mouth |
| cattle do not have upper incisors but only lower incisors and a hard | dental pad |
| what is mastication | when grass is chewed by the premolars and molars and mixed with saliva in the mouth |
| what is a bolus | ground grass mixed with saliva |
| the reticulum and the rumen have a small partition between them and together are often called the | reticulorumen |
| when a bovine regurgitates its food back up through the esophagus and into the mouth to break it down further that is called | "chewing the cud" |
| the first of the four compartments of the stomach where indigestible reside when a bovine ingests them | reticulum |
| the second and largest compartment of the stomach that serves as a huge fermentation vat | rumen |
| the third compartment or the stomach where water and other minerals are absorbed. It has many layers and may act as a buffer before particle enter the abomasum | omasum |
| the fourth and last compartment of the stomach called the "true stomach". secretes acidic digestive enzymes which allow further digestion to occur | abomasum |
| what must cows do before they start to lactate | give birth |
| milk production peaks around | 50 days |
| the time between the birth of one calf to the birth of another calf is called | the calving interval |
| cows pregnancy is | 9 months |
| colostrum is | the first milk-like substance produced by the cow after calving. its rich in antibodies. |
| most cows are bred using | artificial insemination |
| Herd | group of cattle |
| freshening | giving birth (dairy animals) |
| calving | giving birth |
| calf | young bovine |
| heifer | young female bovine who hasn't given birth |
| springing heifer | young female bovine with her first calf |
| cow | intact female bovine that has given birth |
| freemartin | female calf who is usually sterile as a result of being twin to male |
| steer | male bovine castrated when young |
| stag | male bovine castrated after maturity |
| bull | intact male bovine |
| jumper bull | intact male bovine who has just reached maturity |
| gomer bull | bull used to detect females in heat and used for breeding |
| poll | top of head |
| dewlap | loose flap of skin under the throat and neck |
| brisket | mass of connective tissue, muscle and fat |
| crest | dorsal margin of the neck |
| heart girth | circumference of the chest just caudal to the shoulder |
| loin | lumbar region of back between thora and pelvis |
| hooks | protrusion of the wing of the ilium |
| pins | protrusion of the ischism bones lateral to base of tail |
| flank | side of body between the ribs and the ilium |
| dewclaw | accsessory claw of the foot that project caudally from the fetlock |
| heel | caudal region of the hoof |
| switch | tuft of hair at the end of the tail |
| udder | mammary gland |
| quarter | one of the four glands in the udder |
| teat | nipple |
| brand | method of permenantly identifying animals |
| ear tagging | placement of identification devices in the ear |
| tattoo | permenent identification using ink |
| casting | using ropes to place animals in lateral recumbency |
| tailing | tail head is grasped and raised vertically |
| chute | mechanical device used to restrain |
| stanchion | secures the cattle around the neck and allows access for milking, feeding and examining |
| free stall | area that cattle are free to lay, feed and move |
| hutch | housing pens for calves |
| stall | small compartment to house an animal |
| teat ipping | dipping each teat into antibacterial solutions |
| teat cannula | metal or plastic tube past into the teat canal to relieve obstruction |
| dental pad | more rostral portion of the maxilla |
| ration | amount of food consumed within 24 hours |
| silage | roughage produced by fermenting corn, grass or plants |
| roughage | type of feed that is high in fibre and low in digestible nutrients |
| halters | head harness used for restraint |
| lead rope | peice of rope that attaches to the halter |
| wind break | shelter that an animal can stand in to protect them from the wind |
| carcass | body of a slaughtered animal |
| feedlot | confined area where an animal is fed until slaughter |
| offal | inedible visceral organs removed from carcass |
| veal | meat from young dairy cattle that was only fed milk to produce soft, tender meat |
| cull | removing an animal from a herd because they don't meet standars |
| fly stike | infestation of maggots |
| milk fever | low blood calcium levels interfere with muscle function throughout the body. seen in late pregnancy or early lactation |
| traumatic reticuloperitonitis | commonly seen in adult cattle and caused by ingestion of sharp foreign objects with puncture in reticulum |
| mastitis | infection of the mammary glands |
| Most common cause of mastitis | bacteria entering into the udder through teat canal opening |
| clinical signs of mastitis | swelling, redness or hardness of udder udder hot to touch painful upon thouch or difficulty lying upon udder changed appearence of milk:watery,flakes,blood clots, pus reduction in milk yeild anorexia depression fever |
| how do you treat mastitis | antibiotics-systemically or via intramammary infusion, clearly mark infected cows, thoroughly disinfect all equipment used |
| what can you do to prevent mastitis | keep udders clean, keep housing areas clean, keep equipment clean and sanitized, use proper milking protocol |
| What is infectious bovine rhinotracheititis caused by | bovine herpesvirus |
| how is infectious bovine rhinotracheititis spread | respiratory, occular, and genital secretions |
| clinical signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheititis | fever, nasal discharge, coughing and sneezing, respiratory difficulty, conjunctivitis, anorexia, ulcers in nose and mouth and spontanious abortion |
| how is infectious bovine rhinotracheititis diagnosed | labwork testing blood or milk |
| milk fever is a ______________ NOT an infectious disease | metabolic |
| how does milk fever occur | when the diet is high in calcium |
| what are the clinical signs of milk fever | difficulty standing, muscle tremors, collapsing, neck spasm, laying in lateral recumbency, decreased body temperatures and slow heart beat |
| how do you treat milk fever | admiinister calium IM, SQ or IV, place in sternal recumbency to prevent inhalation pneumonia |
| how do you prevent milk fever | diet low in calcium when pregnant and after being dried off and housing pregnant cows in area easily monitored when close to calving |
Created by:
em.boudreau
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