Chapter one Anatomy and Physiology
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| Anatomy | Science of body structures and the relationships among them.
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| Physiology | Science of body functions and how the body parts work.
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| Surface Anatomy | Study of Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation.
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| Gross Anatomy | Study of Structures that can be examined without using a microscope.
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| Systemic Anatomy | Study of Structures of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or the respiratory systems.
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| Regional Anatomy | Study of Specific regious of the body such as the head or chest.
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| Endocrinology | Study of Hormones(chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body function.
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| Immunology | Study of how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents.
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| Six levels of the structural organizaiton in the human body. | 1. Chemical Level2. Cellular Level3. Tissue Level4. Organ Level5. System Level6. Organismal Level
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| Chemical Level | Contains Atoms and Molecules
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| Atoms | Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
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| Molecules | Two or more atoms joined together
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| Atoms essential for maintaining life | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium, Sulfer
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| Two molecules found in the body | DNA and Glucose
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | DNA - Genetic material passed from one generation to the next
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| Glucose | Blood Sugar
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| Cellular Level | Molecules combine to form cells
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| Cells, | The basic structural and functional units of an organism
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| Types of Cells in the body | 1. Muscle Cells2. Nerve Cells3. Epithelial Cells
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| Tissue Level / Tissue | Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
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| Four basic types of tissue | 1. Epithelial Tissue2. Connective Tissue3. Muscular Tissue4. Nervous Tissue
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| Organ Level | Different types of tissues are joined together to form an organ
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| Organs | Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
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| System Level / System | Consists of related organs with a common function. AKA Organ-system level
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| Organismal Level / Organism | Any Living Individuel, which includes all the parts of the human body functioning together to constitue the entire organism.
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| Palpation | Feels the body surfaces with the hands
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| Auscultation | Listens to the body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs
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| Percussion | Taps on the body surface witht he fingertips and listens to the resulting echo.
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| 6 Basic Life Processes of the human body | 1. Metabolism2. Responsiveness3. Movement4. Growth5. Differentiation6. Reproduction
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| Metabolism | sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. Includes Catabolism and Anabolism.
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| Catabolism | Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.
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| Anabolism | Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.
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| Responsiveness | Body's ability to detect and respond to changes. Nerve cells respond by generating electrical signals (nerve impulses). Muscles cells respond by contracting which generates movement.
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| Movement | Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny structures inside cells.
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| Growth | Increase in body size that results from an increase in teh size of existing cells, an increase in teh number of cells, or both.
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| Differentiation | Developmetn of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
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| Stem cells | Precursor cells that divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
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| Reproduction | Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement or to the production of a new individual.
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| Homeostasis | Condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes.
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| Important part of Homeostasis | To maintain the volume and composition of body fluids, dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them.
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| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) | Fluid within cells
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| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) | Fluid outside body cells
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| Interstitial Fluid | ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.
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| Blood Plasma | ECF within blood vessels
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| Lymph | ECF within lymphatic vessels
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid | ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord
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| Synovial Fluid | ECF in joints
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| Aqueous Humor and Vitreous Body | ECF of the eyes
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| Blood Capillaries | Smallest blood vessels in the body.
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| Control of Homeostasis - Nervous | Nervous system regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals known as nerve impulses to organs that can counteract changes from the balanced state.
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| Control of Homeostasis - Endrocrine | Includes many glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the blood.
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| Changes of Homeostasis | Nerve impulses cause rapid changes; Hormones more slowly.
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| Feedback System | Cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
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| Controlled condition | Each monitored variable such as body temp, blood pressure
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| Stimulus | Any disruption that changes a controlled condition
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| Feedback system has 3 basic components | 1. Receptor2. Control Center3. Effector
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| Receptor | Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
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| Control Center | Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when needed.
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| Output | Occurs as nerve impulses or hormones
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| Effector | Body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
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| Negative Feedback System | Reverses a change in a controlled condition
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| Example of negative feedback | Blood pressure
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| Positive Feedback System | Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of teh body's controlled conditions
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| Examples of Positive Feedback | 1. Child Birth2. Lactation3. Blood Clotting
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| Disorder | Any abnormality of structure or function.
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| Disease | More specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptems.
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| Symptoms | Subjective changes in body fuctions that are not apparent to an observer
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| Signs | Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure
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| Epidemiology | Science that deals with why, when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted
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| Pharmacology | Science that deals with effects and uses of drugs in teh treatment of disease.
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| Diagnosis | Science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
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| Anatomical Position | Subject stands erect facing teh observer with the eyes facing directly, forwards. Feet are flat and directed forward. Limbs at side and palms forward
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| Prone | Body lying facedown
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| Supine | Body lying face up
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| Directional Terms | Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another.
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| Superior (CEPHALIC OR CRANIAL) | Toward the head, or upper body part of a structure
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| Inferior (Caudal) | Away from the head or the lower part of a structure
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| Anterior (Ventral) | Nearer to or at the front of the body.
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| Posterior (Dorsal) | Nearer to or at the back of the body.
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| Medial | Nearer to the midline
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| Lateral | Farther from the midline
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| Intermediate | Between two structures
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| Ipsilateral | On the same side of the body as another structure
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| Contralateral | On the opposite side of the body from another structure
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| Proximal | Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure
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| Distal | Further fromt he attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
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| Superficial | Toward or on the surface of the body
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| Deep | Away from the surface of the body
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