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anthropology 300

chapter 4

TermDefinition
Principle of Segregation Genes (alleles) occur in pairs (because chromosomes occur in pairs). During gamete production, the members of each gene pair separate, so that each gamete contains one member of each pair.
Genotype The genetic makeup of an individual; the actual alleles that are present
Phenotype The observable, measurable, physical expression of the genotype as affected by the environment
Heterozygous Having 2 different alleles at a given locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes
Homozygous Having 2 of the same alleles at a given locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes
Dominant An allele that masks the effect of another
Recessive An allele whose expression can be masked by another
Codominant The expression of two alleles in heterozygotes. Because neither allele is dominant or recessive, both influence the phenotype
Principle of Independent Assortment The distribution of one pair of alleles into gametes does not influence the distribution of another pair. The gene controlling different traits are inherited independently of one another.
Mendelian or monogenic traits Traits that are influenced by alleles at only one locus
Discrete distribution Mendelian or monogenic traits, coded for by one gene, fall into clearly defined categories. For example, each human has either type A, B, AB or O blood.
Polygenic traits Traits that are influenced by genes at two or more loci.
Continuous distribution Polygenic traits, coded for by two or more genes, show continuous variation, from one extreme to another. Traits are measured in units on a scale with even increments (ex feet, in.), and every person falls somewhere on the continuum for that trait.
Species A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring; a reproductively isolated group of organisms.
Population Within a species, an interbreeding group of individuals; the group among which an organism is most likely to find a mate; a group of organisms sharing a gene pool.
Gene pool The total complement or store of genes in a population; described by allele frequency.
Allele frequency Proportion (expressed as percentage) of different alleles in the gene pool of a population. In a population, the percentage of all the alleles at a locus accounted for by one specific allele.
Evolution A change in the allele frequency in the gene pool of a population through time
Microevolution Small-scale changes in allele frequencies that can take place from generation to generation within a species.
Macroevolution Large-scale evolutionary changes taking many generations that lead to speciation, the development of a new species
Genetic Drift A change in allele frequency of a population due to chance or random factors (sampling errors) in small populations.
Founder effect A type of genetic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in small populations that are taken from, or are remnants of, larger populations
Gene flow A change in allele frequency of a population due to movement of alleles into or out of populations. The exchange of genes between populations.
Mutation A change in allele frequency of a population due to a random alteration in genetic material in the gametes, resulting in an offspring with new phenotypic variation that can then be acted upon by natural selection.
Natural selection A change in allele frequency of a population due to differences in reproductive success between individuals.
Balanced Polymorphism Maintenance of two or more alleles in the population due to the selective advantage of the heterozygote. (Example Sickle Cell Anemia)
Created by: bonnie_cp
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