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anthropology 300

chapter 3

TermDefinition
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) Organelles contained within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that convert energy, derived from nutrients, into a form that is used by the cell.
Ribosomes Organelles located in the cell's cytoplasm that are essential to the manufacture of proteins.
Centrioles Organelles located in the cell's cytoplasm that help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division.
Chromosomes Nuclear organelles made of DNA and other proteins; in eukaryotic cells they are found only in the nucleus. They are the carries of genetic information in the cell.
Centromere The constricted portion of a chromosome. After DNA replication the duplicated chromosome are joined at the centromere.
Somatic cells Diploid body cells (muscle, brain, blood, or bone cells, for example); basically all cells in the body except reproductive cells (gametes)
Gametes Haploid reproductive cells (ova and sperm) produced through meiosis that carry a haploid set of chromosome to the next generation
Zygote Diploid fertilized egg formed by union of haploid egg and sperm
Homologous chromosomes Matching pairs of chromosomes, one member of the pair is inherited from each parent
Sex chromosomes Chromosomes that determine sex (and some other traits)
Autosomes All the chromosomes except the pair that determines sex
Diploid Having 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes, as in somatic cells (46 in humans)
Haploid Having one of each kind of chromosome, as in gametes (23 in humans)
Gene A sequence of DNA bases on a chromosome that specifies the order of amino acids in an protein or any other functional product
Locus/loci Position on a chromosome where a given gene occurs
Allele Alternate form of a gene
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) Two-stranded molecule made of chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix
Nucleotide Basic unit of the DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of four DNA bases.
Complementary Referring to the fact that DNA forms base pairs in a precise manner. Since adenine and thymine can only bond with each other, they are said to be complementary to each other. Cytosine and guanine are another complementary pair.
Protein Molecules made of chains of amino acids; they serve a wide variety of functions through their ability to bind to other molecules.
Protein synthesis A process, directed by DNA, in which chains of amino acids are assembled into functional protein molecules.
Amino acids Small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins
RNA (Ribonucleic acid) A molecule similar to DNA, but it is single stranded, with a different sugar, and with uracil replacing thymine. RNA is essential to the production of proteins
mRNA (Messenger RNA) A form of RNA that is assembled on a sequence of DNA bases. It carries the DNA code to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
tRNA (Transfer RNA) A form of RNA that binds to specific amino acids and carries them to the ribosome during protein synthesis
Replicate To duplicate. DNA replication takes place prior to any type of cell division.
Mitosis Cell division that leads to the production of somatic cells
Meiosis Cell division that leads to the production of gametes
Mutation A change in DNA. Can refer to changes in DNA bases (see point mutation) as well as to chromosome number and/or structure (see nondisjunction)
Point mutation A change in the DNA base sequence of a gene that can lead to the production of a new protein
Nondisjunction The failure of homologous chromosomes or chromosome strands to separate during cell division; results in a cell with an abnormal number of chromosomes
Created by: bonnie_cp
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