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Anatomy1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Topic 1a: m. latissimus dorsi, m. trapesius, m. rhomboideus | m. latissimus dorsi, m. trapesius, m. rhomboideus |
| M. Latissimus Dorsi | O: Lig Supraspinale + fascia thoracolumbalis I: Tuberositas teres major Humerous A: flexes shoulder joint & draws limb caudally (digging) |
| M. Trapezius | Pars Cervicis O: Median raphe of neck Pars Thoracis O: Lig Supraspinale (t4-t13) I: Spina Scapula A: elevate & abduct forelimb |
| M. Rhomboideus | pars capitis o: Crista nuchea/squama occip Pars cervicis O: Lig nuchea Pars thoracis O: Lig supraspinale (T4-T6) I:margo dorsalis scapula A: elevate forelimb |
| Topic 1b: m. serratus ventralis, mm. Pectorales | M. Serratus ventralis M. Pectoralis superficialis Transverse pectoral M. Pectoralis profundus |
| M. Serratus ventralis | Pars cranialis O: proc. transversus C3-C7 Pars caudalis O: Ribs 1-7 I: Facies serrate A: supports trunk and depresses scapula |
| M. Pectoralis superficialis | Decending O: Presternum I: Crista tuberculum majoris A: adducts limb or prevents adduction when bearing weight Transverse O: cran 1/3 sternum I: crista tuberculum majoris |
| M. Pectoralis profundus | O: Sternum I: Lesser tubercle of the humerus A: flex and extend shoulder joint & pulls trunk cranially/draws limb caudally |
| Topic 2a: extensors of the shoulder | M. Supraspinatus M. Coracobrachialis |
| M. Supraspinatus | O: Supraspinous fossa of scapula. I: Greater and lesser tubercle of humerus. A: Extends and flexes shoulder; supports the trunk. |
| M. Coracobrachialis | O: Medial side of the humeral neck. I: Coracoid process. A: Extends shoulder. |
| Topic 2b: flexors of the shoulder | M. Deltoideus M. Infraspinatus M. Teres major M. Teres minor M. Subscapularis |
| M. Deltoideus | O: Spina scapula and acromium. I: Deltoid tuberosity. A: Flexes the shoulder, abductor of the upper arm. |
| M. Infraspinatus | O: Infraspinous fossa and scapular spine. I: Facies m. infraspinatus on the greater tubercle of humerus. A: Extends and flexes theshoulder; its tendon functions as a collateral ligament. |
| M. Teres major | O: Proximal 1/3 caudal border of scapula (medial). I: Major teres tuberosity. A: Flexes the shoulder. |
| M. Teres minor | O: Distal 1/3 caudal border of scapula (lateral). I: Teres minor tuberosity. A: Flexes the shoulder. |
| M. Subscapularis | O: Subscapular fossa. I: Lesser tubercle of humerus. A: Flexes, extends and adducts shoulder; its tendon functions as a collateral ligament. |
| Topic 3a: extensors of the elbow | M. Triceps brachii M. Tensor faciae antebrachii M. Anchoneus |
| M. Triceps brachii | O: long head: Caudal distal border of scapula lateral head: lateral on humerus medial head: medial on humerus accessory head: caudal proximal on humerus I: Olecranon tuberosity. A: Extends elbow |
| M. Tensor faciae antebrachii | O: Terminal tendon of m. latissimus dorsi and m. teres major. I: Faciae antebrachii + olecranon A: Extends elbow. |
| M. Anchoneus | O: Caudal distal border of humerusand epicondyles (fossa supratrochlearis). I: Laterally on olecranon and antebrachial fascia. A: Extends elbow. |
| Topic 3b: flexors of the elbow | M. Biceps brachii M. Brachialis |
| M. Biceps brachii | O: Supraglenoid tubercle on scapula I: Medially on olecranon and antebrachial fascia. Ulnar + radial tuberosity. A: Flexes elbow and extends shoulder |
| M. Brachialis | O: Caudal on the neck of humerus. I: Proximal medial on radius andulna (between biceps). Ulnar +radial tuberosity. A: Flexes elbow. |
| Topic 4a: carpal flexors, pronators of the radioulnar joint | Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris M. Pronator teres M. Pronator quadratus |
| Flexor carpi radialis | O: Medial epicondyle of humerus. I: 2nd and 3rd metacarpus. A: Flexes the carpus. |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris | O: Medial Epicondyle of humerus (large humeral head), olecranon(weaker ulnar head). I: Accessory carpal bone. A: Flexes the carpus. |
| M. Pronator teres | O: Medial epicondyle of humerus. I: Cranial medial surface proximally on radius. A: Pronation of the forearm. |
| M. Pronator quadratus | O: Radius and ulna (interosseousspace). I: Radius and ulna (interosseousspace). A: Pronation of the manus |
| Topic 4b: digital flexors of the forelimb, pronators of the radioulnar joint | M. Pronator teres M. Pronator quadratus Superficial digital flexor Deep digital flexor |
| M. Pronator teres | O: Medial epicondyle of humerus. I: Cranial medial surface proximally on radius. A: Pronation of the forearm. |
| M. Pronator quadratus | O: Radius and ulna (interosseousspace). I: Radius and ulna (interosseousspace). A: Pronation of the manus |
| Superficial digital flexor | O: Medial epicondyle of humerus. I: Palmar base surface of the middle phalanxes of 2,3,4 and 5. A: Flexes the carpus and digits. |
| Deep digital flexor | O: Medial epicondyle of humerus (large humeral head), medially on olecranon (weaker ulnar head), middle third of radius (the smallest radial head). I: Flexor palmar surface of distal phalanxes. A: Flexes the carpus and digits. |
| Topic 5a: carpal extensors, supinator of the radioulnar joint | Extensor carpi radialis m. Ulnaris Lateralis m. Brachioradialis M. Supinator |
| Extensor carpi radialis | O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus. I: Proximal on 2nd and 3rdmetacarpal bone. A: Extends the carpus. |
| m. Ulnaris Lateralis | O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus. I: Lateral on 5th metacarpal bone and accessory bone. A: Abducts the carpus, flexes when lifted and extends when on the ground. |
| m. Brachioradialis | O: Humeral crest I: Medial distal extremity of radius. A: Supinate the forearm and paw. |
| M. Supinator | O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus. I: Cranial surface of the proximal 4th of radius. A: Supinates the forearm and flexes elbow. |
| Topic 5b: digital extensors of the forelimb, supinator of the radioulnar joint | m. extensor digitorium communis m. extensor digitorium lateralis m. digitorium 1 and 2 m. abductor Brachioradialis M. Supinator |
| m. extensor digitorium communis | O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus. I: Extensor process of distal phalanx. A: Extends the carpus and 2nd,3rd,4th and 5th digits. |
| m. extensor digitorum lateralis | O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus. I: Middle + distal phalanx of 3,4 and 5. A: Extends the 3rd,4th and 5th digits. |
| m. digitorium pollicis et indicis | O: Middle 3rd of ulna. I: 1st and 2nd digit. A: Extends the 1st and 2nd digits. |
| m. abductor pollicis longus | O: Lateral on radius. I: 1st digit. A: Abducts and extends |
| Brachioradialis | O: Humeral crest I: Medial distal extremity of radius. A: Supinate the forearm and paw. |
| M. Supinator | O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus. I: Cranial surface of the proximal 4th of radius. A: Supinates the forearm and flexes elbow. |
| Topic 6: m. sternocleidomastoideus, m. omotransversarius | M Omotransversarious M. Sterocleidomastoideus -M.Sternocephalicus -M.Brachiocephalicus |
| M Omotransversarious | O: Wing of atlas + Trans proc C2 I: Distal end of spina scapulae A: advance limb and flex neck laterally |
| M. Sterocleidomastoideus | M.Sternocephalicus M Brachiocephalicus |
| M.Sternocephalicus | m.Sternooccipitalis O: Manubrium Sterni I: Crista nuchea M. Sternomastoideus O: Manubrium sterni I: Processus mastoideus A: Draws head and neck to the side |
| M Brachiocephalicus | m. cleidocephalicus - m. cleidomastoideus O: Processus mastoideus - m. cleidocervicalis O: Lig nuchea M. cleidobrachialis O: Humeral crest I: Clavicular intersection A: Advance limb, extend shoulder, draw head and neck to the side |
| Topic 7: muscles of the pelvic girdle | M. psoas minor M. iliopspas M. quadratus lumborum |
| M. psoas minor | O:last 3 thoracic v, 1-4th lumbar vertebrae I: linea arcuata os illium A: Flexes and stabilizes the lumbar vertebral column. |
| M. iliopspas | m. psoas major o:last thoracic v, lumbar v I:lesser trochanter femur m. iliacus O:fascia illiaca, wing of illium A: Flexes hip and rotates thigh. |
| M. quadratus lumborum | O: ventral on transverse proc. Lumbar vertebrae I: transverse proc lumbar vertebrae, wing of sacrum and wing of illium A: Fixes the lumbar vertebral column |
| Topic 8: dorsal and deep muscles of the buttock | Superficial gluteal Middle gluteal Deep gluteal M. piriformis External obturator Internal obturator Gemelli muscles M. quadratus femoris |
| Superficial gluteal | O: Gluteal fasciae, lateral border of sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament and surrounding area. I: Distal to the greater trochanter. A: Extends hip and abducts limb. |
| Middle gluteal | O: Gluteal surface and crest of the illium. I: Near the greater trochanter. A: Extends hip and abducts limb, rotates limb to medial. |
| Deep gluteal | O: Gluteal surface of ilium (wing). Body of ilium + ischiatic spine. I: Greater trochanter. A: Extends hip and abducts limb, rotates limb to medial. |
| M. piriformis | O: Last sacral vertebra and sacrotuberous ligament. I: Near the greater trochanter. A: Extends hip and abducts limb. |
| External obturator | O: Foramen obturatum (ventral). I: Trochanteric fossa caudal on femur. A: Rotates hip outward. |
| Internal obturator | O: Foramen obturatum (ventral). I: Trochanteric fossa caudal on femur. A: Rotates hip outward. |
| Gemelli muscles | O: Lateral surface of ischium. I: Trochanteric fossa caudal on femur (on both sides of the internal obturator). A: Rotates hip outward |
| M. quadratus femoris | O: Tuber ischiadicum + ventral border of caudal ischium. I: Distal to trochanteric fossa A: Extends the hip, rotates hip outward |
| Topic 9: caudal muscles of the buttock | M. Biceps femoris M. abductor cruris caudialis M. semitendinosus M. semimebranosus |
| M. Biceps femoris | O: Sacrotuberous ligament and ischiatic tuberosity. I: Femoral and crural fasciae and tuber calcanei. Patellar ligament+ cranial border of tibia. A: Extends hip, stifle and hock, and caudal part flexes the stifle. |
| M. abductor cruris caudialis | O: Sacrotuberous ligament. I: Fascia cruris. A: Stifle flexor, hip extensor and abductor. |
| M. semitendinosus | O: Ischiatic tuberosity. I: Medial surface of the tibia and crural fasciae to tuber calcanei. A: Stifle flexor, hip and hock extensor |
| M. semimebranosus | O: Ischiatic tuberosity. I: Caudal rough area on femur and proximal caudal on tibia. A: Extends hip and stifle, can also flex stifle depending on position. |
| Topic 10: medial muscels of the thigh, canalis femoralis | M. Sartorius M. Gracilis M. Pectineus m. Adductor Canalis femoralis |
| M. Sartorius | O: Tuber coxae (cranial and caudal) + lumbar facia. I: cranial: Fasciae genus + patella caudal: fasciae cruris caudialis and cranial border of tibia A: Flexes the hip, extends and flexes the stifle. |
| M. Gracilis | O: Pelvic symphysis. I:Fasciae cruris (tibial tuberosity) and accessory tendon to tuber calcanei. A: Adducts limb, flexes the stifle and extends hip and hock. |
| M. Pectineus | O: Pecten ossis pubis. I: Labium mediale (medial vesalian sesamoid) of femur. A: Adducts the limb. |
| M. Adductor | O: Lateral of the pelvic symphysis. I: All of labium laterale on the caudal side of the facies aspera A: Adducts the limb and extends the hip. |
| Canalis femoralis | Dorsal: M. Iliopsoas. Caudal: M. Pectineus. Crainial: M. Sartorius pars caudialis. |
| Topic 11: m. quadriceps femoris, m. tensor fasciae latae, m. sartorius | M. Quadriceps femoris M. Tensor fasciae latae M. Sartorius |
| M. Quadriceps femoris | O: Ilium (rectus) and proximal on femur (vasti). I:Patella through straight ligament of patella to tibial tuberosity. A: Extends stifle and rectus flexes hip. |
| M. Tensor fasciae latae | O: Tuber coxae and middle gluteal aponeurosis. I: Fasciae latae. A: Flexes hip and extends stifle. |
| M. Sartorius | O: Tuber coxae (cranial and caudal) + lumbar facia. I: cranial: Fasciae genus + patella caudal: fasciae cruris caudialis and cranial border of tibia A: Flexes the hip, extends and flexes the stifle. |
| 12a: tarsal flexors | M. Tibialis cranialis M. peroneus longus M. peroneus brevis |
| M. Tibialis cranialis | O: Lateral condyle and crest of tibia and fibula. I: Medial on tarsal and metatarsal bones. A: Flexes hock. |
| M. peroneus longus | O: lateral condyle of tibia and proximal end of fibula. I: 4th tarsal bone on the plantar side. A: Flexes hock. |
| M. peroneus brevis | O: Fibula. I: 5th metatarsal. A: Flexes hock. |
| Topic 12b: digital extensors of the hindlimb | M. extensor digitalis longus M. extensor digitalis brevis M. extensor digitalis lateralis M. extensor hallucis longus |
| M. extensor digitalis longus | O: Extensor fossa of the lateral femoral condyle. I: Extensor process of the 2nd,3rd 4th and 5th distal phalanx. A: Extends digits and flexes tarsus. |
| M. extensor digitalis brevis | O: Cranial tarsal surface from connective tissue over hock. I: 2nd, 3rd and 4th proximal phalanx. A: Assisting digital extensors. |
| M. extensor digitalis lateralis | O: Fibula and lateral collateral ligament of the stifle. I: Blends with the long digital extensor on the 5th digit, proximal phalanx. A: Extensor of the 5th digit. |
| M. extensor hallucis longus | O: Middle part of fibula. I: 2nd phalanx of the 1st digit. A: Extending the 1st digit (if any) and flex tarsus |
| Topic 13a: tarsal extensors | M. Gastrocnemius |
| M. Gastrocnemius | O: Medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosity of femur with sesmaoids. I: Tuber calcanei through the common calcanean tendon. A: Extends the hock, flexes the stifle. |
| Topic 13b: digital flexors of the hindlimb | Superficial digital flexor Deep digital flexors |
| Superficial digital flexor | O: Fossa supracondylaris of femur. I: Middle phalanx of the digits after forming calcanean cap. A: Flexes digits and extends hock. |
| Deep digital flexors | (digitorum lateralis, digitalis medialis and tibialis caudialis) O: Caudal surface of tibia and fibula. I: Flexor surface of the distal phalanx of the digits after running through sustentaculum tali. A: Flexes digits and extends hock. |
| Topic 14: tendo calcaneus communis | Tendo accessorisus Tendo gastrocnemius Tendo plantaris |
| Tendo accessorisus | (biceps femoris, semitendinosus and gracilis) O: Sacrotuberal ligament, ischiatic tuberosity and pelvic symphysis aponeurosis. I: Tuber calcanei through the common calcanean tendon. A: Extends tarsus and hock. |
| Tendo gastrocnemius | (Achilles) O: Medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosity of femur with sesmaoids. I: Tuber calcanei through the common calcanean tendon. A: Extends tarsus and hock. |
| Tendo plantaris (superficial digital flexor) O: Supracondylar fossa on femur. I: Middle phalanx on the digits. A: Extends tarsus and hock, flexes digits. | (superficial digital flexor) O: Supracondylar fossa on femur. I: Middle phalanx on the digits. A: Extends tarsus and hock, flexes digits. |
| Topic 16: m. splenius, m. semispinalis capitis, muscles of mastication | M. Splenius capitis M. semispinalis Capitis M. Masseter M. Temporalis M. Pterygoideus M. Digastricus M. mylohyoideus |
| M. Splenius capitis | O: Thoracolumbar fascia and transverse processes. I: Occipital squama. A: Extends, holds and bends the neck. |
| M. semispinalis Capitis | O: processus transversus I: occipital squama Biventer (dorsal) Complexus (ventral) |
| M. Masseter | O: arcus zygomaticus I: fossa masseterica A: closes the jaw, grinding in herbivores |
| M. Temporalis | - fossa temporalis O: crista sag. Externa, arcus zygomaticus and squama I: proc coronoideus A: closes the jaw |
| M. Pterygoideus | O: proc pterygoideus I:fossa pterygoideus A: closes the jaw |
| M. Digastricus | O: proc jugularis I: margo ventralis on the mandible A: opens the jaw |
| M. mylohyoideus | O: mandible I: hyoid bone A: elevates the hyoid bone |
| Topic 17: abdominal musculature, rectus sheath | M. Obliquus externus abdominis M. Obliquus internus abdominis M. Rectus abdominis M. Transversus abdominis |
| M. Obliquus externus abdominis | O: 3rd-4th rib to thoracolumbar fasciae. I: Inguinal ligament and linea alba. A: Supports stomach (inpirator). |
| M. Obliquus internus abdominis | O: Tuber coxae, transverse processes and thoracolumbar fasciae. I: Last rib and linea alba. A: Suports stomach (expirator). |
| M. Rectus abdominis | O: 1st ribs, sternum and linea alba. I: Pubic symphysis. A: Suports stomach. |
| M. Transversus abdominis | O: Tansverse processes. I: Linea alba. A: Suports stomach. |
| Topic 18: canalis inguinalis | Superficial inguinal ring Deep inguinal ring |
| Superficial inguinal ring | Abdominal and prepubic tendons and external oblique abdominal muscle. Crus laterale and mediale against the pelvis. |
| Deep inguinal ring Inguinal ligament, m. rectus abdominis and m. internal oblique abdominis. | Inguinal ligament, m. rectus abdominis and m. internal oblique abdominis. |
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