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Vet. Phys
Veterinary Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is physiology? | How things work |
| What is pathophysiology? | When something goes wrong |
| What are cells? | The basic structural and functional unit |
| What is homeostasis? | the maintenance of nearly constant condition in the internal environment of the body |
| Where does regulation and integration exist? | On all levels |
| what is the difference between the extracellular and intracellular fluid? | Some values will be higher in one where in the other will be lower |
| How is extracellular fluid transported? | By the movement of blood |
| What is interstitial fluid? | The fluid between cells |
| What is plasma? | Water and electrolytes within the blood |
| What does the body want to try to keep normal? | The extracellular fluid |
| What effect does the extracellular fluid being normal have? | It helps keep the ICF normal |
| Where is the origin of nutrients in extracellular fluids? | The respiratory system, the gastrointestinal system, the liver, and the musculoskeletal system |
| What does the live do in respect to nutrients? | It convert nutrients into usable forms for the body |
| What within the body removes metabolic waste products? | The respiratory system, the liver, the kidneys, and the GIT |
| What within the body regulate the body functions? | The nervous system, and the hormonal system of regulation |
| What are the control systems of the body? | Regulation of oxygen and CO2 in ECF, regulation of arterial pressure, and regulation of blood glucose |
| What happens when values fall outside of the normal range within the body? | This foretells of disease within the body |
| What does negative feedback do? | It promotes stability (through arterial pressure regulation), and regulation of blood glucose |
| What does Positive feedback do? | It promotes a change in one direction |
| What could be a difference between different cells? | They may have different proteins in their membrane |
| What is a ion channel? | A pore in the membrane |
| What is a carrier protein? | Its a protein that pick substances from one side and place it on the other side of the membrane |
| What are the 2 types of transport through the membrane? | Diffusion and active transport |
| What are the two types of diffusion? | Simple and facilitated diffusion |
| What is simple diffusion? | Movement through the membrane, through a channel protein or a pore |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | a type of movement that requires interaction of carrier proteins which aides passage |
| What types of molecules move readily across the membrane? | Lipid-soluble molecules |
| What type of ions diffuse through channels or pores? | Water-soluble ions |
| What make the channels in the cell membrane selective? | Different proteins |
| Ungated channels are? | Always open |
| Gated channels can be? | Open and/or closed in response to a stimulus |
| What are the 2 different types of gated channels? | Voltage and chemical gated channels |
| What are 3 factors that affect net rate of diffusion? | Concentration gradient, membrane electrical potential, and pressure |
| When will net diffusion stop? | When the concentration gradient is balanced by the electrical potential |
| How does pressure difference effect the net rate of diffusion? | When there is an increased in pressure on one side of the membrane, more molecules will strike the pores allowing for more molecules to diffuse to the other side |
| What is osmosis? | the concentration difference for water causes a net movement of water |
| What is Osmotic pressure? | The amount of pressure required to counter osmosis |
| What is osmotic pressure attributed to? | The osmolarity of a solution |
| What determines osmotic pressure? | The number of osmotic particles |
| What is osmolarity? | The concentration of a solution in terms of number of particles |
| What is the osmolarity of normal saline? | 300milliOsmoles/L |
| What will happen to a red blood cell if the body is flushed with normal saline? (RBC= 300 mOs/L) | No net diffusion will occur. Nothing will happen the the RBC |
| What will happen to a RBC if surrounded by water? (water=0 mOs/L) | The RBC will burst. The water would rush into the RBC |
| What will happen to a RBC if bathed in a NaCl solution? (500 mOs/L) | The water within the RBC will rush out, causes the RBC to shrink |
| What is the difference between diffusion and active transport? | Active transport requires energy where diffusion does not |
| What are the two types of active transport? | Primary and secondary transport |
| What is primary transport? | Its where molecules are pumped against its concentration gradient using direct energy |
| What is secondary active transport? | Its where transportation is driven by energy stored in the concentration gradient of another molecule |
| What are two types of secondary active transports? | Co-transport, and counter-transport |
| What is co-transport? | It is where a substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion |
| What is counter-transport? | It is where a substance is transported in the opposite direction from the driver ion |
| What is the driving force of the secondary active transport? | The high concentration gradients |
| What is a membrane potential? | A charge difference across the membrane |
| What are membrane potential caused by? | Diffusion |
| How can passive diffusion of K and Na lead to development of negative membrane potential? | When K diffuses across the membrane, it takes/remove positive charges with it. When Na diffuses out of the cell, it causes the outside to be more positive |
| What are 3 things that determines the resting potential? | The charge, the concentration gradient, and the permeability of the ion |
| How can a cell change its resting potential? | By changing the number of channels it has for a specific ion |
| What are the 3 stages of action potential? | The resting stage, depolarization, and repolarization |
| What 3 things contribute to the resting membrane potential? | Potassium diffusion potential, sodium diffusion potential, and Na-K pump |
| What is the permeability of K? | High |
| What is the permeability of Na? | Low |
| What will cause a resting nerve to depolarize? | Stimulation |
| What is propagation? | The opening of Na channels generates local current circuit that depolarizes adjacent membrane, opening more Na channels |
| How is the gradient re-established within the cell? | by the Na-K ATPase |
| Are there different types of action potentials? | Yes, it depends on the type of cell |
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