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Focus on Health # 2
Chapter 5-8 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amino Acids | The buidling blocks of protein;can be made by the body or obtained from dietary sources. |
| Antioxidants | Substances that may prevent cancer by interacting with and stabilizing unstable molecules known as free radicals. |
| calorie | Unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. |
| carbohydrates | The body's primary source of energy for all body functions; chemical compounds including sugar, starches, and dietary fibers. |
| cholesterol | A primary form of fat found in the blood; lipid material made within the body from dietary sources. |
| cruciferous vegetables | vegetables, such as broccoli, whose plants have flowers with four leaves in the pattern of a cross. |
| dehydration | Abnormal depletion of fluids from the body; severe dehydration can be fatal. |
| enzymes | Organic substances that control the rate of physiological reactions, but are not altered in the process. |
| fiber | Plant material that cannot be digested; found in cereal, fruits, and vegetables. |
| functional foods | Foods capable of contributing to the improvement/prevention of specific health problems. |
| nutrient-dense foods | Foods that provide substantial amounts of vitamins and minerals and comparably few calories. |
| nutrients | Elements in foods that are required for the growth, repair, and regulation of body processes. |
| ovolactovegetarian diet | A diet that excludes all meat but does include the consumption of eggs and dairy products. |
| pesco-vegetarian diet | A vegetarian diet that includes fish, dairy products, and eggs along with plant foods. |
| phytochemicals | Physiologically active components of foods believed to deactivate carcinogens and to function as antioxidants. |
| probiotics | Living bugs (good bugs) that help prevent disease and strengthen the immune system. |
| proteins | compounds composed of chains of amino acids; primary building blocks of muscle and connective tissue. |
| satiety | a feeling of not being hungry; being full. |
| saturated fats | Fats that promote cholesterol formation; solid at room temperature; primarily animal fat. |
| vegan diet | A vegetarian diet that excludes all animal products, including eggs and dairy products. |
| vitamins | Organic compounds that facilitate the action of enzymes. |
| adaptive thermogenesis | The physiological response of the body to adjust its metabolic rate to the presence of food. |
| anorexia nervosa | An eating disorder in which the individual wieghs less than 85% of the expected weight for his or her age, gender, and height; has an intense fear of gaining weight. |
| Basal metabolic rate | The amount of energy, expressed in calories, that the body requires to maintain basic functions. |
| Bigorexia | An obsession with getting bigger and more muscular |
| Body dismorphic disorder | A secret preoccupation with an imagined or slight flaw in one's appearance |
| caloric balance | Caloric intake and expenditure are equal and body weight remains constant. |
| catabolism | The metabolic process of breaking down tissue for the purpose of converting it to energy. |
| hypothyroidism | A condition in which the thyroid gland produces an insufficient amount ot he hormone thyroxin. |
| Obesity | A condition in which a person's body weight is 20% or more above desirable weight by height/weight charts. |
| Overweight | A condition in which a person's body weight exceeds desirable weight by 1-19 percent. |
| set point | A gentically programmed range of body weight, beyond which a person finds it difficult to gain or lose additional weight. |
| Thermic effect of food | The amount of energy our bodies require for the digestion, absorption, and transportation of food. |
| absorption | The passage of nutrients or alcohol through the walls of the stomach or the intestinal tract into the bloodstream. |
| Abuse | Any use of a drug in a way that is detrimental to health. |
| additive effect | The combined (but not exaggerated) effect produced by the concurrent use of two or more drugs. |
| amotivational syndrome | Behavioral pattern characterized by lack of interest in productive activities. |
| antagonistic effect | Effect produced when one drug reduces or offsets the effects of a second drug |
| Axon | The portion of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses to the dendrites of adjacent neurons. |
| cross-tolerance | Transfer of tolerance from one drug to another within the same general category |
| dependence | A physical or psychological need to continue using a drug. |
| dose-response curve | The size of the effect of a drug on the body related to the amount of the drug administered. |
| FDA schedule | A list of drugs that have a high potential for abuse, but no medical use. |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | Characteristic birth defects noted in the children of some women who consume alcohol during pregnancy. |
| habituation | The development of psychological dependence on a drug after a period of use |
| misuse | Inappropriate use of drugs intended to be medications |
| narcolepsy | A sleep disorder in which a person has a recurrent, overwhelming, and uncontrollable desire to sleep. |
| oxidation | The process that removes alcohol from the bloodstream |
| potentiated effect | The use of one drug intensifies the effect of a second drug. |
| process addictions | Engagement in activities such as gambling, shopping, gaming, or sexual activity that has a negative effect on the person's life. |
| psychoactive drug | Any substance capable of altering feelings, moods, or perceptions. |
| synapse | The location where an electrical impulse from one neuron is transmitted to an adjacent neuron. |
| synergistic effect | Heightened, exaggerated effect produced by the concurrent use of two or more drugs. |
| threshhold dose | The least amount of a drug to have an obsevable effect on the body. |
| tolerance | An acquired reaction to a drug; continued intake of the same dose has diminished effect. |
| alveoli | Thin, sacklike terminal ends of the airways; where gases are exchanged between the blood and lungs. |
| angina pectoris | Chest pains that results from impaired blood supply to the heart muscle. |
| beta endorphins | Mood-enhancing, pain-reducing, opiatelike chemicals produced within the smoker's body in response to the presence of nicotine. |
| carbon monoxide | A chemical compound that can "inactivate" red blood cells. |
| cilia | Small, hairlike structures that extend from cells that line the air passages. |
| eptopic (tubal) pregnancy | Pregnancy resulting from the implantation of the fertilized ovum within the inner wall of the fallopian tube. |
| embolism | A potentially fatal condition in which a circulating blood clot lodges in a smaller blood vessel. |
| gaseous phase | The portion of the tobacco smoke containing carbon monoxide and many other active gaseous compounds. |
| hypoxia | Oxygenation deprivation at the cellular level. |
| mainstream smoke | Smoke inhaled and then exhaled by a smoker. |
| nicotine | A physiologically active, dependence-producing drug found in tobacco. |
| Particulate phase | The portion of the tobacco smoke composed of small suspended particles. |
| Pulmonary emphysema | An irreversible disease in which the alveoli are destroyed. |
| Sidestream smoke | Smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar. |
| titration | The particular level of a drug within the body; adjusting the level of nicotine by adjusting the rate of smoking. |
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