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Physical Anthoropolo
Test 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis | • in central Africa. 7 million old fossil. We only have the skull. It’s foramen magnum was in a position that suggests it was holding its head like a biped C. Africa |
| Orrorin tugenesis | • 6 myo. We have several femurs. Every aspect of the femur indicates this animal was a biped. Looking at where a bone is thickened based on stress is a good indicator of how bones were used. E. Africa |
| Ardipithecus ramidus (1) | • 5.5-4myo. Survived aout seven times longer than we have so far. Bipedal, but explored the trees very much. The foramen magnum was underneath the skull. |
| Ardipithecus ramidus (2) | The positions of the gluteal muscles are …. The food was formed for bipedal walking, but its big to is still opposable. There again, a part of the body that is stil in transition of evolving. E. Africa |
| Australopithecus anamenisis (1) | • transitioning and becoming less ape like. Had a little bit of a projecting canine, and also had a DiASTEMA • Diastema o gaps in the teeth that allow projecting teeth to close. |
| Australopithecus anamenisis (2) | • Sectorial premolar o behind the lower canine. It’s a honing platform for the upper canine. Allows the canine to stay relatively sharp These features are also in A. afarensis. |
| Australopithecus anamenisis (3) | The knee of the animal shows a strong indicator of bipedal locomotion. 4.3myo. Valgus knee. E. Africa |
| A. afarensis (1) | • has a boatload of fossils. Discovered in mid 1970’s. It is very much a transitional fossil. Has many ape-like characteristics, but has many human characteristics as well. |
| A. afarensis (2) | • Ape-like o brain size (400 cubic centimeters) Humans have an average of 1600cc. This is the average brain size in modern chimpanzees. o Shape of the dental arcade. They have a u-shaped or parallel sided teeth. |
| A. afarensis (3) | o Has ape-like vody size. The largest males might have otougched 4 feet. o Strongly indicates that they iw as a climber. 3.9 to a myo. Was a little 4 .5 ways to sleep. |
| A. afarensis (4) | o climbinbg would have been hand y them. By diveloping bipedal motion, o Brain zise o Shape of dental arcade o body size o long ars and short legs |
| A. afarensis (5) | • Human-like: o size and shpe in the. o Low in diatema o o A canine that is transitioning to human. o Canine lo== o Has arches if the rest of the toes. |
| A. afarensis (6) | o 2 factors of evolution. The missinean crisis • haThis was ve a parabolic human tooth. The apes where becoming extinct and mankeys became more dominant. All of this resulted in the making of bipedality |
| A. afarensis (7) | Sexually dimorphic. Multimale/multifemale form of organization. No stone tools (so far.) |
| A. afarensis (8) | Their canines were getting smaller, so they are believed to be compensating that change in teeth with the use of tools, but no tools have been found so far. (stone vs wood. Stone tools last much longer than wood ones.) E. Africa |
| What separates early hominids from any other animal? | Bipedal locomotion |
| Australopithecus africanus (1) | S. Africa A. Africanus (3.3-2.0 mya) 1924 – Raymond dart • one day he was brought a skull from what he first thought was a small a baboon. The soon found it was not. |
| Australopithecus africanus (2) | Taung Child • bipdal • In it’s teeth, shows • Vanine - human like • No diastema. |
| Modern humans show reduction in robusticity (1) | • Thinner bone (skull and cortical) • Loss of browridges and other tori o we’ve lost the other bars of bone. This also reflects reorganization of the skull |
| Modern humans show reduction in robusticity (2) | • Reorganization of the skull o Pentagonally shaped rear of skull o High, domed skull o Smaller face |
| Upper Paleolithic (stone tool culture) (1) | • most sophisticated stone technology we have seen in human history • *stone blade based (a blade is defined as something that is at least twice as long as it is wide) |
| Upper Paleolithic (stone tool culture) (2) | one and antler often used o one of the uses of bone is to make eyed needles |
| Upper Paleolithic (stone tool culture) (3) | o Rope/twine • (this is important because you can actually tailor clothing for the first time. They were probably draping themselves with animal skin) This also indicates use of trapping, or fishing |
| Upper Paleolithic (stone tool culture) (4) | o AH-AH • handheld spears. • longer way to throw spear. There is more momenturm behind the throws |
| Upper Paleolithic (stone tool culture) (5) | o Ceramics – 27,000 • actually used for artistic pursuits • * ex: Venus Figurines |
| Upper Paleolithic (stone tool culture) (6) | o Cave paintings • Sports psychology (envisioning yourself being successful to help you be successful) |
| Homo Floresiensis (Hobbit) | • Flores, Indonesia • 2004 • Miniaturized hominid that lived on the island of flores • 3 feet tall • 400cc • 15,000yrs • Stone tools • Pygmy elephants. It’s likely that the same elements dwarfed the elephants, dwarfed the hobbits |
| Early Hominids (1) Foramen magnum position | • look at the different ways animals hold their heads. • The foramen magnum is the big hole in your head that is attached to the spinal column. • Dog or cat example o a horizontal spin will give the foramen magnum in the back of the skull |
| Early Hominids (2) Foramen magnum position | • Knuckle walker example o The spine is at an angle, so the foramen magnum will be between the back and bottom of the skull. |
| Early Hominids (3) Foramen magnum position | • Humans example o We become bipedal when we no longer need our arms to support us. When this happens, the spinal column tends to be under the skull, thus the foramen magnum is directly under the skull |
| Early Hominids (4) Pelvis | “Flare and Bowl” Pelvis • a chimp does not have a flare or bowl to their pelvis. • Flare o the reason the curvature of that bone is important is because it repositions a group of muscles, Gluteal: G. maximus, g medius, g. minimus. |
| Early Hominids (5) Angle of femur | Our knees are much closer than our hips are. We have an angle. A chimpanzee’s hips drop straight down. Valgus knee • This angulalization in the Human’s knee • produces feet under your body. |
| Early Hominids (6) Reorganization of foot | Things different in the FEET from a quadraped and biped • Heel o when we take a step, the heel is the first thing to ouch the groundbig in ia hman o We also have a big hel for shock absorption.stabiliy and show absorpion |
| Early Hominids (7) Reorganization of foot | • Arch o we have arches because we our muscles and tendons bind those bones together and draw them up in an arch • Big toe o in-line. The size and orientation of the toe are very important. |
| Early Hominids (8) Reorganization of foot | Gravity forms such a big part of how we walk. We are less stable that quadrupeds. Obligate Obligate biped • humans are obligated to walk bipedlly. It is most efficient and effective. You can walk on your hands or all fours, but it’s no efficient. |
| Facultative biped | capable of walking or running on two legs, often for only a limited period |
| Which muscles stabilize you? | G maximus, g medius, and g minimus |
| Chimp's knee | Varus knee |
| Marcellin Boule | Published first analysis of the complete neandertal. The problem with his portrayal of the neandertal was it was an old man and had arthritis |
| Bergmann's rule | concerns the relationship of body mass or volume to surface area body size tends to be greater in populations that live in colder climates. |
| Allen's rule | Concerns the shape of the body, especially appendages shorter appendages with increased mass-to-surface ratios are adaptive because they're more effective at preventing heat loss. |
| Levallois technique | for controlling flake size and shape required several complex and coordinated steps, suggesting increased cognitive abilities in later premodern populations |
| Neandertals (1) | Europe, Middle East, Asia Huge nose Mid-facial prjection Large incisors with heavy wear "Teeth as tools" Occipital bun Short distal limbs Barrel chested |
| Neandertals (2) | Cold adaptation (Bergmann and Allen's rules) Mousterian tools (Middle Paleolithic) |
| Neandertals (3) | Burial of dead Caring for sick and injured |
| Moustarian tools | Middle Paleotlithic Levallois technique |
| Australopithecus garhi | Discovered 1997 2.5 mya Partial cranium and numerous limb bones. Ethiopia (E. Africa) |
| Kenyanthropus platyops | Discovered 2001 3.5 mya more like later humans "Flat-faced man from Kenya" |
| Eugene Dubois | in Java found the first human ancestor. Skullcap |
| 1892 | Dubois found a femur by the skullcap |
| Pithecanthropus erectus | The "Java Man" discovered by Dubois in Java |
| Homo erectus has characteristics of the cranial buttressing system. What are the parts of that system? | Supraorbital torus, nuchal torus, sagittal keel, angular torus |
| Homo erectus has a thick... | thick cortical bone in limbs |
| Nariokotome skeleton | Oldest most complete homo skeleton |
| Homo erectus hunting | Persistence hunting Drive prey into mud or bog |
| Acheulian tool culture | stone tool manufacturing during the lower paleolithic era across Africa |
| Expensice tissue hypothesis | As the brain becomes more complex and requires more energy, the intestinal tract shrinks. |
| Homo erectus were the first to us... | FIRE! |
| Archaic homo sapiens | chronospecies |
| Modern Homo sapiens | Omo, Ethiopia: earliest discovered modern human Herto, Ethiopia: early fossil hominids that were presented in 1997 |
| Australopithecus africanus | Raymond Dart 1924 S. Africa Taung child |
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Rylando
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