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A&P1 PF Assignment 1
Ch. 1 Review - Intro to A&P
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | FORM and STRUCTURE of the body and its parts - what things look like and where they are located. (Pg 1, textbook) |
| Physiology | FUNCTIONS of the body and its parts - how things work and what they do. (pg 1, textbook) |
| Microscopic anatomy | Structures so small we need a microscope to see them clearly, such as cell and tissues. (pg. 2, textbook) |
| Macroscopic anatomy | Deals with body parts large enough to be seen with our eyes, such as organs, muscles and bones. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Regional anatomy | The study of individual regions of the body that includes all components of that particular region. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Systemic anatomy | Study of individual systems in the body. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Reproductive system | System that contains both male and female reproductive organs. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Skeletal system | System that contains the bones and joints. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Urinary system | System that contains the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Integumentary system | System that contains the skin, hair, nails, and hooves. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Endocrine system | System that contains the endocrine glands and hormones. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Nervous system | System that contains the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Sensory system | System that contains the organs of general and special sense. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Cardiovascular system | System that contains the heart and the blood vessels. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Muscular system | System that contains the skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Respiratory system | System that contains the lungs and air passages.(pg 2, textbook) |
| Digestive system | System that contains the gastrointestinal tube and accessory digestive organs. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Eleven (11) | The number of Main Body Systems in the body. (pg 2, textbook) |
| Planes of Reference | Basic anatomcal terminology is based on imaginary slices through the animal body. These slices are used as points or areas of reference, called __________.(pg 2, textbook) |
| Dorsal plane | A plane at right angles to the sigittal and transverse planes; it divides the body into dorsal (toward the back) and ventral (toward the belly) parts that are not necessarily equal.(pg 2, textbook) |
| Sagittal plane | A plane that runs the length of the body (vertical) and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal(pg 2, textbook). A body can have more than one plane on the right and left sides (pg 10, study guide). |
| Transverse plane | A plane across the body (vertical) that divides it into cranial (toward the head) and caudal (toward the tail) parts that are not necessarily equal(pg 2, textbook). Multiple planes can exist (pg 10, study guide). |
| Median plane | A special kind of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise (vertical) and divides it into equal left and right halves, also known as the midsagittal plane(pg 2, textbook). A body can have only one (pg 10, study guide). |
| Directional Terms | These terms occur in pairs that have opposite meanings and are used to describe relative positions of body parts. (pg 4, textbook) |
| Right/Left | Directional Terms: The animal's right/left sides (pg 5, textbook) |
| Cranial/Caudal/Rostral | Directional Terms: Toward the head end of the body/toward the tail end of the body/toward the tip of the nose (head only) (pg 5, textbook) |
| Dorsal/Ventral | Directional Terms: Toward the back/toward the belly (pg 5, textbook) |
| Medial/Lateral | Directional Terms: Toward the median plane/Away from the median plane (pg 5, textbook) |
| Deep/Superficial | Directional Terms: Toward the center of the body or body part (internal)/toward the surface of the body or body part (external) (pg 5, textbook) |
| Proximal/Distal | Directional Terms: Toward the body/Away from the body. These terms are only used in relation to appendages, or extremities (legs). (pg 5, textbook) |
| Palmar/Plantar | Directional Terms: Back-side of forelimb distal to the carpus/Back-side of hindlimb distal to tarsus (pg 5, textbook) |
| Orad/Aborad | Directional Terms: Movement in the direction of the mouth/Movement in the direction away from the mouth; used in relation to gastrointestinal system (pg 12, study guide). |
| Cranial | A dog's heart is ___________ to the stomach (pg 12, study guide). |
| Caudal | A dog's stomach is ____________ to the heart (pg 12, study guide). |
| Rostral | A dog's eye is ___________ to its ear (pg 12, study guide). |
| Dorsal | The kidney's lie closer to the spine than the stomach, so the kidneys are __________ to the stomach (pg 12, study guide). |
| Carpus | The proximal-distal dividing line for the front leg (pg 5, textbook); equivalent to a human wrist. |
| Tarsus | The dividing line for the rear leg (pg 5, textbook); equivalent to a human ankle. |
| Bilateral Symmetry | The left and right halves of an animal's body are essentially mirror images of each other (pg 5, textbook). |
| Dorsal Body Cavity and Ventral Body Cavity | Two (2) main cavities (spaces) located inside the animal's body. (pg 6, textbook) |
| Ventral Body Cavity | The body cavity that is the largest. It contains most of the soft organs (viscera) of the body. (pg 6, textbook) |
| Dorsal Body Cavity | The body cavity that contains the brain and spinal cord, or the central nervous system. (pg 6, textbook) |
| Thoracic Cavity | Cavity that includes major structures such as the heart, lungs, esophagus, and many major blood vessels going to and coming from the heart. (pg 6, textbook) |
| Viscera | Word meaning "organs" (pg 6, textbook) |
| Cranium | The cranial cavity is also known as the _______. (pg 6, textbook) |
| Thorax | Word meaning "chest" (pg 6, textbook) |
| Spinal Canal | The spinal cavity is also known as the _________. (pg 6, textbook) |
| Pleura | All of the organs in the thoracic cavity and the whole cavity itself, are covered or lined with a thin membrane called the _________. (pg 6, textbook) |
| Visceral layer of pleura | Name of the membrane layer in the thoracic cavity that covers the viscera (organs). (pg 6, textbook) |
| Parietal layer of pleura | The membrane that lines the whole thoracic cavity. (pg 6, textbook) |
| Abdomen or Caudal Abdominal Cavity | Cavity that contains the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs (viscera) (pg 6, textbook). |
| Peritoneum | All of the organs in the abdominal cavity and the whole cavity itself, are covered or lined with a thin membrane called the ________________. (pg 6, textbook) |
| Visceral layer of peritoneum | Name of membrane in the abdominal cavity that covers the viscera (organs) (pg 6, textbook). |
| Parietal layer of peritoneum | The membrane that lines the whole abdominal cavity (pg 6, textbook). |
| Cranial Cavity | This cavity is found within the dorsal body cavity. It is formed from several bones of the skull; it houses and protects the brain and is also known as the cranium. (pg 6, textbook) |
| Spinal Cavity or Spinal Canal | This cavity is found within the dorsal body cavity. It is formed from the vertebrae of the spine, and it houses and protects the spinal cord (pg 6, textbook). |
| Inflammation | The body's response to injury, which may be acute or chronic (medical dictionary). The first step in the healing process when the body is injured (pg 497, textbook Glossary). |
| Median Plane | According to the principle of bilateral symmetry, single structures such as the brain, heart and gastrointestinal (GI) tract in the body are located on or near which anatomical plane? |
| Pleural Fluid | In the ventral body cavity, a fluid-filled space in the thoracic cavity is found between the visceral and parietal layers of pleura. The smooth surfaces are lubricated with this fluid to ensure the surfaces slide over each other easily during breathing. |
| Peritoneal Fluid | Ventral body cavity:a fluid-filled space in the abdominal cavity is found between the visceral and parietal layers of peri-toneum.The smooth surfaces are lubricated with the fluid to ensure the surfaces slide over each other during breathing. |
| Pleurisy or Pleuritis | Inflammation of the pleural surfaces, caused by scraping of the surfaces over each other during breathing (very painful). (pg 6, textbook) |
| Peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum, most commonly caused by penetration of the abdomen from the outside, or by a rupture or performation of the GI tract. |
| Cells | The basic functional units of life; the smallest subdivisions of the body that are capable of life. (pg 7, textbook) |
| Tissues | When specialized cells group together, they form these. (pg 7, textbook) |
| Epitheleal, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous Tissues | Name the four (4) basic tissues that make up an animal's body (pg 7, textbook). |
| Epitheleal Tissue | This tissue's main job is to cover body surfaces; for example, the skin surface, lining of the mouth, intestine and urinary bladder are covered by this type of tissue. (pg 7, textbook) |
| Connective Tissue | This tissue holds the body together (connects its cells) and gives it support. (pg 7, textbook) |
| Muscle Tissue | This tissue moves the body inside and out. There are three (3) types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smoooth muscle. (pg 7, textbook) |
| Nervous Tissue | This tissue transmits information around the body and controls body functions. It transmits sensory info from the body to the brain, processes the info, and sends instructions out to tell the body to react to changing conditions. (pg 7, textbook) |
| Epitheleal Tissue | This tissue forms glands that secrete useful substances and excrete wastes. The secreting units of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands are all composed of this tissue. |
| Connective Tissue | This tissue type may be very soft, such as adispose tissue (commonly called fat) to very firm as in cartilage and bone. Composed of cells and a variety of nonliving intercellular substances, such as fibers, that add strength (pg 7, textbook). |
| Skeletal Muscle | A type of muscle tissue, it moves the bones of the skeleton and is under conscious nervous system control, also known as "voluntary" control, because it is under control of the conscious mind. |
| Cardiac Muscle | A type of muscle tissue that makes up the heart and works "automatically," as no conscious effort is required, also known as "involuntary" control. (pg 7, textbook) |
| Smooth Muscle | A type of muscle tissue that is found in internal organs such as the digestive tract and urinary bladder; it works pretty much "automatically," also known as "involuntary" control. (pg 7, textbook) |
| 1. Skeletal Muscle 2. Cardiac Muscle 3. Smooth Muscle | Name the three types of Muscle Tissue found the body. |
| Organs | Tissues that work together for common purposes, make up these. (pg 7, textbook) |
| Systems or Organ Systems | This is the most complex level of body organization. These are made up of groups of organs with related functions that interact. (pg15, study guide) |
| Health | A state of normal anatomy and physiology defines ____________. |
| 1. Cells 2. Tissues 3. Organs 4. Systems or Organ Systems | Name the levels of body organization from the least inclusive to the most complex (4). (pg 7, textbook) |
| Disease results | What happens when the structure of functions of the body become abnormal? |
| Homeostasis | The maintenance of a dynamic equillibrium in the body. ("Dynamic = activity, energy and work; equillibrium=balance pg 8, textbook) |
| Peritoneal Cavity | The abdominal cavity is also referred to as this (pg 13, study guide) |
| Pleural Cavity | The thoracic cavity is also referred to as this (pg 13, study guide) |
| Taxonomy | The systematic classification and naming of organisms. Animals are grouped together based on characteristics that they have in common (pg 13, study guide) |
| Mammalia | CLASS of mammals that share characteristics, such as having: 1)hair; 2) mammary glands that secrete milk; 3) four-chambered hearts; 4) seven cervical vertebrae in their necks; and 5) a diaphragm that separates the abdomal and chest cavities. (pg 14, SG) |
| Species | A group of individuals that can interbreed with each other (pg 15, SG) |
Created by:
vcummings1
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