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Unit 5
Cornell Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Enlightenment thought often precede? | Revolutions and rebellions |
| What was learning from the scientific revolution applied to? | Society |
| What did Voltaire challenge, and what did he believe to be more important? | He challenged religion and said reason was more important |
| What did Rousseau argue for? | Natural rights |
| What did Rousseau write? | The social contract |
| What was the social contract? | Written by Rousseau, it said citizens give up some rights for protection given by the government |
| What did Montesquieu come up with? | A government system that separated powers and had checks and balances |
| What was Montesquieu's government system adopted in? | The US Constitution |
| How did Locke feel about people? | He felt that most people were good and would do the right thing. They deserved as many rights as possible as long as they don't impede on others' rights. |
| Locke felt the government should serve who? | The people |
| How did Hobbes feel about people? | He felt that people were born stupid, selfish, and stubborn, and should only be given limited rights |
| How did Hobbes feel about the government and the people? | The government must protect the people from themselves by giving them limited rights and reserving many of them. |
| Locke's feelings became the foundation for what? | Liberal |
| What did Hobbes advocate? | An absolute monarchy |
| What did important revolutionary documents show? | It showed that thinkers resisted political authority |
| What was the American Revolution about? | It declared independency and listed the number of problems they had with King George |
| What was the French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen about? | It listed the rights of all men (not women), such as freedom of speech, petition, and voting. |
| What idea of Locke's was in the French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen? | "all rights but those that harm" idea |
| Bolivar's "Jamaica Letter" was asked to describe...? | How Latin America broke free |
| How did Bolivar's "Jamaica Letter" say people in Latin America were treated? | Like sub-humans |
| What did the "Jamaica Letter" say Latin America could do now that they were free? Did it really happen? | Said they could prosper. They didn't. |
| What did Enlightenment ideas lead to? | Challenging social structure |
| In what ways did Enlighenment ideas lead to the challenge of social structure? | It led to more suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom. |
| In the 1700s, commonalities began based on what? What is this called? | Common languages, religion, customs, and territory. Known as nationalism. |
| What did governments use commonalities between people to do? | Unite diverse populations |
| What led to reform and revolution? | People becoming discontented with imperial rule |
| Who are Marathas and what did they do? | They are southern Indian Hindus who rose up against the Mughal Empire. |
| What happened after Marathas rose up against the Mughal Empire? | They took much of southern India and ended up allying with the Mughals to fight the Afghans. |
| What did American colonial subjects lead, and what did it facilitate? | They led a series of rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of independent states in the U.S., Haiti, and mainland Latin America. |
| Who did French subjects rebel against? | Their monarchy |
| What was the American Revolution? | After the French and Indian War, taxes on colonies started. The people wanted no taxation without representation. Leaders followed the ideas of Locke (Overthrow your gov. if it's bad) |
| What were the 3 Estates in France? | 1st - Clergy 15% of the land 2nd - Nobility 35% of the land 3rd - Commoners 50% of the land, 80% of the population |
| What was the main cause of the French Revolution? | Economic problems |
| Who was in rule during the French Revolutiom? | Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette |
| What did the 3rd Estate want, and how did they try to get it? | They wanted a national constitutin and equal rights for everyone. They tried going to the Estates General meeting, but were locked out, so they formed the Tennis Court Oath |
| What did the Tennis Court Oath say? | They wouldn't stop until they got their constitution |
| What was the official start of the French Revolution? | The Storm of Bastille (Prison) |
| What did the National Assembly in France write?What was it about? | The Declaration of the rights of man and the citizens. About rights for all. |
| What did Olympe de Gouges in France want? | Rights for women too |
| Where did Louis XVI hide during the French Revolution? Why did he come out of hiding and where did he go? | Hid in Versailles. Women came to him and told him their children were starving, so he came back to Paris, where he was taken hostage |
| What was the Constitution of 1791? | It said the king had legislators, and the legislators have all the power. |
| Why did the king try to escape again? What happened? | The rich freaked out about the Constitution of 1791. He was caught by Paris Commune (Rebels) |
| What happened after Louis XVI was caught by Paris Commune? | An end to the monarch was demanded. |
| What does Sans-Culottes mean? | Without fancy pants |
| What did the Sans-Culottes led by Georges Danton do? | They took power from the National Assembly and forced a new convention on the future of France. Thousands were killed in a big massacre. |
| What was the fate of the king, Louis XVI? | He was sentenced to death at the convention, then beheaded at the guillotine, which killed quickly and humanely. |
| Who pushed for Louis XVI to be killed? What happened to him? | Marat, who worked in his bathtub to sooth his skin disorder. He was killed in his tub by Charlotte Corday. |
| In the Reign of Terror, what did European countries want to do? | Invade and put the king back in power. |
| Why did European countries want to put a king back in power? | They were afraid a revolution was going to start in their countries |
| The committee meeted and gave power to who after European countries wanted a king back in power? | Robespierre |
| What is Robespierre known for doing? | Killing many people. He killied 40,000 "enemies at home" and drowned 3,000 on a barge. |
| What did the Republic of Virtue try to do in France and how? | Tried to put new laws in by sending representatives into the country. |
| What did Robespierre do involving Christianity in France? | He dischristiniaized it, changing any religious street names, renaming a temple at Notre Dame The Temple of Reason, and starting the calendar on the first day of the republic |
| What was the French Revolutionary Army like? | It was a huge army, and everyone helped. This began nationalism, because people were now fighting for a purpose. |
| What were armies like before the French Revolutionary Army? | Small and professional |
| What happened to Robespierre after the France won? | He was still killing people, so the convention voted to have him guillotined. |
| What was the new government that came up in France after Robespierre was killed? | The Directory, with five directors, or governors |
| How did the people react to the new government, The Directory? | They didn't like it and wanted a king back. This government was very corrupt. |
| What happened to The Directory? | It was coup detated (quick overthrow) by Napoleon Bonaparte |
| What was Napoleon's dad and what school did Napoleon go to? | Dad was a lawyer, he went to military school |
| From what did Napoleon learn a lot? | The French Revolution |
| What did Napoleon rise thru? | His army. He became head |
| What was Napoleon's new government? | The Consulate. He was the consul, and had absolute power |
| What does Napoleon eventually declare himself? | Emperor Napoleon I |
| Who did Napoleon make peace with after declaring himself emperor? | The church, even though he wasn't religious |
| How did Napoleon bring laws together? | Through the Civil or Napoleonic Code, which was about equal rights, religion, and being able to choose jobs. |
| Who did Napoleon take rights from? | Women. Rights such as divorce and inheriting land |
| What did Napoleon base government offices on? Who could join? | Expertise, middle class |
| What could Napoleon open and what did he control? | Open mail, controlled newspapers |
| Who did Napoleon defeat? | A coalition of European countries |
| After defeating European countries, what did Napoleon create? | The French Empire. It was a big France, with Rome, dependent states ruled by relatives, and allied, those who were defeated and those who joined, that were all against England. |
| How did Britain survive Napoleon? | They had a strong navy |
| How did Britain survive after Napoleon tried to stop goods from getting there? | The Middle East and Latin America made up for it. |
| How did nationalism grow during Napoleon? | Other countries hated the French as oppressors, and France showed other countries how nationalism could overthrow a government. |
| Explain Napoleon in Russia? | Napoleon brought 600,000 soldiers to Russia to take over. Russia retreats and burns their own cities so France can't get supplies. When winter came, France was hurt. When they get back to Poland, only 40,000 soldiers were left. |
| What happened when France was weak after their loss to Russia? | England came and took Paris, and Louis XVIII, Louis XVI's brother, comes in and takes the throne. |
| Where was Napoleon sent the first time? What happened? | Sent to the island of Elba. He came back, got his army, and went to Belgiumm, where England and Prussian armies defeat him at Waterloo under Duke of Wellington. |
| Where was Napoleon exiled to the second time? | St. Helena off of Africa |
| What were the negatives of Napoleon? | His wars lasted for years, cost a lot, and killed many, he denied women basic rights, and censored speech and the press. |
| What were the positives of Napoleon? | He started the Bank of France, came up with the Napoleonic Code, established universities, and granted religious freedom |
| Who took away religious freedom in France? | Robespierre |
| The American Revolution was a colonial uprising against...? | Imperial power |
| Why was the French Revolution more of a revolution that the American Revolution? | The people actually wanted to change the political/economic system. They didn't just want a transfer of power from one group to another. Their social-political structure also radically changed, when the U.S. did not. |
| The American Revolution caused the U.S. to be the first to do what? | Break away since the Age of Exploration - 300 years |
| The American Revolution set a precendent for colonies...? | Breaking away from empires |
| The ideas from the American Revolution were adopted in what 3 things? | The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the French Revolution |
| What was the main cause of the Haitian Revolution? | The creoles and mulattoes began to read Enlightenment thinking |
| In Haiti, how much of the population were slaves? Where did they work and what did they produce? | 90% were slaves. They worked on huge plantation and produced coffee and sugar exports |
| What was the Haitian Revolution inspired by? | The French Revolution and the success of the American Revolution |
| France was distracted by what, that led to the Haitian Revolution? | Chaos with Napoleon |
| What happened during the Haitian Revolution? | Britain and Spain sent troops, and the slaves and French joined to oust them. |
| Who led the slave insurrection of 1791? | Toussaint L'Ouverture, a former slave |
| What happened to the slaves at the end of the civil war? | Slaves were freed and in powr, but were still in a French colony |
| How was Napoleon defeated when he sent troops in 1802 to end the rule of former slaves in the Haitian Revolution? | The Haitians were capable fighters, and his soldiers caught yellow fever and were wiped out, so he gave up his attempt at conquering Haiti |
| What happened to L'Ouverture? | He was captured and imprisoned in France |
| What was the outcome of the Haitian Revolution? | Independence was declared in 1804, and Haiti became the first independent nation in Latin America. |
| Who was Jacques Dessalines? | A slave who, after Haiti's independnce was declared, became a governor-general for life |
| What were the long term effects of the Haitian Revolution? | Napoleon chose to abandon his effore to maintain French colonies in North America. He also sold the vast Louisiana Territory to the U.S. for a bargain |
| What was the effect of the U.S. purchasing the Louisiana Territory? | It gave the U.S. control of the North American continent, and brought about a major shift in global power to the U.S. |
| What were the causes of Latin American indpendence movements? | A growing sense of national identity, local resentment of Spanish/Portuguese economic policies, and frustration with the American born creole upper and middle class |
| Who was the spark/catalyst for Latin American independence movements and why? | Napoleon, becuase there was confusion as to who was ruling and it was the perfect opportunity to take advantage |
| There being no tradition of what in Latin America helped cause independence movements there? | No tradition of constitutions, civil liberties, and political rights |
| What were three other causes to Latin American independence movements? | The prevalence of dictatrial/military rule, they were economically backwards, and had racial inequalities |
| What were caudillos? | Military/political strongmen who had personal charisma, military force and/or oppression |
| Why was Latin America economically backwards? | They were slow to industrialize and had extracted resources and monoculture for years |
| Who were racial inequalities among in Latin America? | The Mestizos, mulattoes, slaves, etc. |
| How did outsiders have a huge influence on Latin American independence movements? | They installed leaders they liked. First it was Europe, then America |
| What happened during the first Mexican Revolution in 1810? | Father Hidalgo cried for independence, then led a mestizo rebellion. He was killed and martyred, so Jose Morleos took over. The liberals finally overthrew the Spanish and instated a republic |
| What did Father Hidalgo cry for independence? What holiday in Mexico did this become? | "El Grito de Delores" Mexican Independence Day |
| What was the outcome of the first Mexican Revolution? | There was years of turmoil and corruption, the French invaded and tried to occupy, and Benito Juarez started social reforms |
| What happened during the second Mexican Revolution in 1910? | A dictator, Diaz, takes over, and things get really bad for the poor because the pay most of the taxes, but have no land ownership. A civil war starts with an uprising of peasants, which leads to a Constitution that is still used today |
| What did the Constitution from the second Mexican Revolution say and give? | The government took ownership of natural resources and Church property, it gave minimum wage, made Catholocism the only religion, and gae universal male suffrage |
| Who started the Venezuelan Revolution and why? | Simon Bolivar, because he got ideas when he was enlightened in Europe and the U.S. |
| What happened in the Venezuelan Revolution? | Simon Bolivar declared war and ousted both Spanish and the French (Joseph Bonaparte). He makes a new country, Gran Columbia (Columbia, Ecuador, and Venezuela) |
| What did the creation of Gran Columbia in the Venezuelan Revolution lead to? | The rest of South America (Argentina, Chile, and Peru) becoming free by Jose San Martin |
| What happened in the Brazilian Revolution? | Napoleon was taking Portugal, so King John VI fleed to Brazil. When he goes back, his son Pedro is left to rule, and he declares independence from Portugal. |
| What did Pedro name himself in the Brazilian Revolution? | Emperor |
| How did Brazil do under a monarch? What did they abolish, and what did this lead to them becoming later? | They were stable under a monarch, unlike other Latin countries. They abolished slavery, which led to a republic |
| What did slave resistance challenge? | Existing authorities in the Americas |
| What is a Maroon society? What does this term literally mean? | Literally means "fugitive". It was escaped slave societies in Latin and North America. Some were stable with trade, others were small and tribal. |
| What contributed to antocolonial movements? | Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism |
| What was the Boxer Rebellion? | The Boxers, who were anti-European and anti-Christian, wanted to drive the Europeans and Japanese out of China, but were defeated when the Europeans and Japanese sent in reinforcements |
| What were the boxers in the Boxer Rebellion called? | The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists |
| What were the boxers in the Boxer Rebellion's tactics for driving out the Japanese and Europeans? | Guerilla warfare against Christian missionaries/embassies |
| What was the Boxer Protocol? | What China was forced to sign when they lost the Boxer Rebellion. It forced them to make payments to the Japanese and Europeans. |
| What is the Sepoy Mutiny also known as? | The Indian Revolt of 1857 |
| Why did the Sepoy Mutiny start? | The British East India Comapny used the Indians, or Sepoys, as soldiers. They Sepoys started getting frustrated, bacause they were taking up too much of India and weren't respecting their Muslim/Hindu customs |
| What is the rumor about how the British East India Company disrespected the Sepoys Hindu/Muslim traditions? | They rumor is that their bullet cartidges were greased with pork and beef fat, which were both forbidden in their religions. |
| Who and how many was killed in the Sepoy Mutiny? | Tens of thousands were killed, including British soldiers, civilians, and Indian troops. |
| Who failed to cooperate with one another during the Sepoy Mutiny? | The Hindus and Muslims |
| What was Britain's reaction to the Sepoy Mutiny? | They made India a crown colony, and made 300 million Indians British subjects |
| What were some rebellions influenced by? | Religious ideas and millenarianism |
| What was the Taiping Rebellion? | A Chinese nationalist rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan, who believed he was Jesus' little brother. He wanted to bring in the Christian "Heavenly Kingdom" to China |
| In the Taiping Rebellion, Hong Xiuquan was eventually defeated by...? | China, the U.S., and Great Britain |
| The Taiping Rebellion was the ___ deadliest war in history, after _______. | 2nd, World War II |
| What did the Taiping Rebellion lead to? What was this like? What is it called? | It led to more European control in China, like the Seopys did in India. Spheres of influence |
| What did England get in the Taiping Rebellion? | Hong Kong |
| What is millenarianism? | The religious belief that the turn to a 1,000 year multiple will bring about a new way of life. |
| The Taiping Rebellion in 1850, and the Boxer Rebellion in 1990, were both on the older what? | Chinese calendar |
| What is another word for the global spread of European political and social thought? | Enlightenment |
| What is another word for transnational ideologies and soildarities? | Nationalism |
| What did the global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulate? | New transnational ideologies and solidarities |
| What did discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encourage the development of? | Political ideologies, including liberalism, socialism, and communism |
| What did liberal ideas like Locke's influence? | Revolutions in France, the U.S., and Latin America |
| What did factory conditions lead to in Russia? | Communism and socialism |
| What two countries had less extreme reforms? Why? | The U.S. and England. They had labor unions |
| What did demands for women's suffrage and an emergent feminism challenge? | Political and gender hierarchies |
| What did Mary Wollstonecraft write? | The Vindication |
| What did Mary Wollstonecraft want? | Equal education for girls |
| What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe that equal education for girls would lead to? | Equality among men |
| What was the Seneca Falls Conference? | A conference of middle class women, or quakers, who wanted declarations of equal rights |
| What did De Gouges of France write? | The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen |
| What was De Gouges angry about? | That the French Revolution left out women |
| What did De Gouges' Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen mock? | The Male Declaration of Rights |
| In many cases, migration was influenced by...? | Changes in demography in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies |
| What contributed to a significant global rise in population? | Changes in food production and improved medical conditions |
| How were both internal and external migrants able to increasingly relocate to cities? | Because of the nature of the new modes of transportation |
| Those who chose freely to relocate were often in search of what? | Work |
| Manual laborers from China went to the Western U.S. to...? | Build railroads |
| Manual laborers from Europe went to the Eastern U.S. for...? | Factory work |
| Manual laborers from Japan went to the Pacific Islands for...? | Agricultural work |
| The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on what? | Coerced and semicoerced labor migration |
| What is coerced migration? | When you are forced by the government to migrate |
| What is semicoerced migration? | When you are forced by your situation to migrate |
| Where did some Chinese men choose to become indentured servants at and why? | In the Caribbean for the opporutunity to gain fortune after service is completed |
| Was Chinese indentured servitude coerced or semicoerced? | Semicoerced |
| Was Indian indentured servitude coerced or semicoered? | Coerced |
| Things were bad in China after...? | The Taiping Rebellion and the Boxer Rebellion |
| Where were Indians sentenced to by the British and why? | To Africa to serve on sugar plantations |
| Where and when was convict labor? Where did the people work? | The Southern U.S. post civil war. Railroads and coalmines |
| Although many people migrated permanently, a significant number did what? | Migrated temporarily or seasonally and returned to their home societies |
| Japanese agriculture workers in the Pacific Islands were .... and .....? | Voluntary and temporary |
| Migrants often created etchnic enclaves in different parts of the world which helped to...? | Transplant their culture into new environments and facilitated the development of migrant support networks |
| Where did Indians migrate to? | East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia |
| What were the Chinese Exclusion Acts? | The U.S. banned Chinese immigrants for ten years. The Chinese were coming to the U.S. for the California gold rush, and racism led them to be blamed for poor post-Civil War economy |
| What was the White Austrialia Policy? | It said that only people who could speak a European language could enter Austrialia |
| What did industrializing powers establish? | Transoceanic empires |
| What is an example of a state with an existing colony strengthening their control over that economy? | England had begun to control India by controlling trade, and eventually moved to total control after the Sepoy Mutiny |
| England ruled directly in India through what? | Viceroys, or governors that represent the monarch |
| What was the largest colony in the world? How many people were in it? | India, 300 million people |
| What were the benefits of England ruling India? | Stability and infrastructure |
| What were the costs of England ruling India? | England controlled the economy, and people began to starve because they were forced to grow cotton instead of food |
| European states, the Americans, and the Japanese established empires where? | Throughout Asia and the Pacific |
| What happened to Spanish and Portuguese influence? | It declined |
| What countries did England control? | Burma, China, and India |
| What countries did France control, and what were they called? | Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. It was called "French Indochina" |
| France took land from China to do what? | Keep England's power in check |
| Why was France able to take land from China? | China was weak due to rebellions and corruption |
| What did many European states use to establish empires in Africa? | Warfare and diplomacy |
| What did Belgium do in Congo? | Over exploited rubber trees and vines, and brutally forced the Congolese villagers to meet quotas. If they didn't meet the quota, they cut off their hands |
| What record did Belgium in Congo set? Why? | The worst of the Europeans. Theie were massacres of Congolese rubber workers, and the population dropped from 20 million to 8.5 million |
| What did Europeans establish in some parts of their empires? | Settler colonies |
| Where did the British settle? | South Africa, Austrailia, and New Zealand |
| What is an example of economic imperialism? | The Opium Wars |
| What were the Dutch, or Boers, forced to do by the British? | Find diamonds |
| What did imperialism influence? | State formation and contraction around the world |
| What did the expansion of U.S. and European influence over Tokugawa Japan lead to? | The emergence of Meiji Japan |
| How did the United States and Russia emulate European transoceanic imperialism? | By expanding their land borders and conquering neighboring territories |
| What did anti-imperial resistance lead to? | The contraction of the Ottoman Empire |
| Why did the Balkans and Greeks rebel? | Due to nationalism. They had no allegiance to the Ottoman Empire |
| What did the continuing decline of the Ottoman Empire lead to? | The rise of Young Turks who fought for an independent Turkey |
| Who wins the Boer war, and what are the outcomes of it? | The British won, and they made it a colony and forced the natives to work in the mines. |
| New states developed on the edges of what? | Existing empires |
| What countries did England control in Southeast Asia? | India, Burma, and some of China |
| What country did the U.S. control in Southeast Asia? | The Philippines |
| How did the U.S. win the Philippines? | In the Spanish American war |
| What countries did France have in Southeast Asia? | French Indochina, or Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia |
| Why did Siam/Thailian get to stay independent? | They negotiated with the England and France to be a buffer between them |
| What did the development and spread of nationalism as an ideology foster? | New communal identities |
| Why were both Germany and Italy able to unify thanks to Napoleon taking parts of them over? | Nationalism grew, and both used to be tons of separate city-states |
| What parts of Italy did Napoleon and Spain control? | N - north S - south |
| How did Italy unify? | Giuseppe Garibaldi, a nationalist, got a volunteer army and drove Spain out. Then the country was brought together under one king, Victor Emmanuel |
| Why was Germany not unified? | The Holy Roman Empire had fallen with the Peace of Westphailia. Since states could choose Catholicism or Protestantism, they broke into many small city-states |
| How was Germany unified? | Otto Von Bismarck, a nationalist, raised an army to oust the Kingdom of Austria, who controlled much of the city states. Then he started the Franco-Prussian War to take even more land from France. |
| What did new racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitate and justify? | Imperialism |
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