Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
ANTH 140- Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anthropology | the study of of humanity from a biocultural perspective |
| how is anthro different than other social sciences? | traditionally studies non-western cultures |
| biological anthropology | the study of the biological aspects of humans |
| cultural anthropology | the study of non-western culture |
| ethnology | the study of all parts of culture |
| participant observation | (cultural anthro) live w/ people they study |
| linguistic anthropology | the study of language in its cultural context |
| archaeology | the study of past humans way of life |
| 3 levels of culture | bottom (material), middle (social), top (ideational) |
| diachronic | development/changes through time |
| synchronic | emphasizes the contemporary state |
| oldest evidence of cave paintings | Chauvet (France) |
| antiquarians | early archaeologists (collected things) |
| 4 basic goals of archaeology | what, how, when, **why |
| when using a synchronic view... | you can reconstruct a society |
| when using a diachronic view... | you can create a sequence of snapshots (like history) |
| prehistory | history before written records |
| sites | the whole area of study |
| features | removable things that have evidence of past behavior (burial mounds) |
| artifacts | moveable cultural debris |
| cultural formation processes | anything humans do to the site |
| primary context | artifacts found in places where we presume they would be stored/used |
| defacto refuse | usable materials that are found in primary context |
| secondary context | artifacts found in places where they were NOT used/stored (trash, lost arrowheads...) |
| abandonment processes | usable things are rarely left behind -> everything that is left behind (many things= quick move) |
| reuse | usable things may be left behind and other people may come and use it (makes analysis difficult) |
| natural formation processes | the result of environmental factors |
| 3 examples of natural formation processes | natural disasters, climate, decay/deterioration |
| fragmentary record | a gap between what we want to know & available resources |
| filters b/w answers and evidence (3) | 1) what we want to know isn't material 2) we find a biased selection 3) what survives is incomplete |
| climates where things preserve well | very wet, very dry, very cold (no oxygen) |
| Perrot State Park | Trempealeau, WI; >200 mounds |
| who was Perrot? | a French Canadian explorer -> traded w/ local Native Americans |
| archaeological survey | the process of locating the archaeological resources in a given area of land |
| what are sites always by? | water |
| ground survey | line up, walk the ground, look for artifacts, mounds, walls |
| aerial photographs | show patters in relief, soil color, plants |
| ask local people | unusual, artifacts, stories, stone arrangements, etc. |
| old documentation | possible sites found by early explorers |
| auger | dig a hole in the ground every few meters (densely forested areas) |
| accidental discovery | usually during construction |
| remote sensing techniques | anything that helps one learn what is there without having to be there |
| 4 types of remote sensing techniques | aerial photos, satellite, aerial infrared photos, ground penetrating radar |
| what in the 1970s found Mayan structures? | military satellite images |
| direct dating | directly dating something humans were in contact with |
| indirect dating | using a nearby datable object to date an undatable artifact |
| relative dating | chronological order/ older to younger/lower to higher soil |
| stratigraphy | when to strata overlap, the lower must have occurred first |
| time markers/diagnostic artifacts | certain artifacts that are characteristic of strata in certain time period |
| how long has pottery been around? | 100,000 years |
| absolute dating | gives ages in years |
| radiocarbon dating | organic materials; Carbon-14 |
| how many years back does C-14 dating go? | 50,000-70,000 years |
| accelerator mass spectrometry | a type of C14 dating- up to 100,000 years |
| how much does C14 dating cost? | $200-700 per date (and destroys the artifact) |
| dendrochronology | tree ring dating (overlapping several trees by lining up rings to date objects) |
| old wood problem | when people reused wood- messes up dating techniques |
| obsidian hydration | dating of volcanic glass (when breaks, forms a hydration layer) |
| thermoluminiscence | dating of pottery -> measures light energy in in crystals of fired pottery (100,000s of years) |
| potassium-argon dating | (volcanic only) ratioactive decay of K into Ar |
| half life of K-Ar dating | 1.31 billion years |
| archaeomagnetism | dating of clay -> iron particles align with the pole when fired, magnetic north changes, then measured |
| problem w/ archaeomagnetism | the piece has to stay in place for the entire time |
| 6 weeks of excavation= | 5 years of analysis |
| artifact assemblages | the group of all artifacts from a site or temporal component of the site (ex: bone assemblage, pottery assemblage, etc.) |
| diagnostic artifacts | tell us the time period; (pottery, spear heads, glass bottles, etc.) |
| lithic artifacts | all stone artifacts |
| debitage | assemblage of garbage flakes used for making flakes |
| groundstone | stones ground into shapes (associated w/ agriculture) |
| ceramic artifacts | easy to classify based on style, residues, fingerprints |
| metal artifacts | iron, copper, bronze (weapons, jewelry, tools, figurines) |
| organic artifacts | all artifacts of things that were once alive |
| ecofacts | anything organic that is the result of human activity |
| paleoethnobotany | the study of plant remains from archaeological sites |
| phytoliths | a fossilized particle of plant tissue (different for all plants) |
| zooarchaeology | the study of animal remains from archaeological contexts |
| coprolites | fossilized fecal matter |
| human remains | any tissue matter from humans |
| which group of people are "touchy" about remains? | Native Americans |
| middle range research | the "bridge" between the past dynamic of human processes and the contemporary record |
| archaeoastronomy | seasonal stars line up with a drawing in Lascaux, France |
| ethnographic analogy | looking at people alive today or at the historic documents about different populations to understand past behavior |
| Maiden Castle | Dorset, England -> Celtic people lived on top of a fortification; Roman bolt lodged in the back of a defender of the fort |
| fortification | building trenches around a living place |
| ethnography | studying living people (by cultural anthropologists) |
| ethnoarchaeology | studying living people with special attention to the relationship b/w them and material remains |
| ethnoarchaeology in Western Iran | Patty Jo Watson; use of tools and how houses fell apart (while she was there) |
| experimental archaeology | the attempt to replicate past human behavior (usually specific technologies) |
| making a mummy study | brain removed w/ crocket hook, most of blood drained |
| paleoanthropology | the study of early human evolution |
| what makes us "human"? (5) | bipedalism, grasping hands, opposable thumbs, larger/flatter teeth, larger brain, culture |
| importance of bipedalism (5) | efficient distance travel, improves running, ability to see over grass, temperature control, frees up hands |
| oldest tools | oldowan; flaked off of a core, flakes used to cut |
| first hominids | australopithecines (5 MYA) |
| australopithecus ramidus | second australopithecine ("Ardi") 4.4 MYA |
| australopithecus anamensis | 4.0 MYA shorter arms, bipedal, more prominent forehead |
| australopithecus afarensis | 4.0-2.5 MYA "Lucy"; larger molars |
| footprints at Laetoli | A. afarensis; 1-2 adults, one child (volcanic ash) |
| australopithecus robustus | died out; specialized in plant foods |
| australopithecus africanus | probably died out; also specialized in plant foods |
| homo habilis | "handy man"; 600-700 cc brain; large groups; social behavior |
| living floors | where people may have set up camp while moving around |
| olduvai gorge | carnivore bones; (butchery site); surrounded by stones |
| Koobi Foora | (Kenya) mixed foraging and scavenging |
| Pleistocene | (geologic) ice sheets in Antarctica/Greenland; fluctuating ice sheets in Canada |
| glacial periods | Europe, Siberia, N. American ice sheets (lower sea level) |
| interglacial periods (name) | 15,000 YA- now (Holocene) |
| Paleolithic | (archaeologic) defined by flakestone tools |
| Basal Paleolithic | Oldowan-H. habilis (lower Pleistocene) |
| Lower Paleolithic | the time in which all hominids but H. erectus died out |
| Homo erectus | human body, ape face; handaxe, use of fire, shelters |
| Handaxe | (acheulean) specialized tool used by H. erectus; teardrop shaped, flat, thin, consistent ratio |
| random walk | H. erectus spreads toward Asia; could use fire to stay warm; better brain |
| mental template | a goal in mind when creating a tool (handaxe) |
| St. Acheul | first handaxe found (hard hammer percussion) |
| hard hammer percussion | (handaxes) use of stones |
| soft hammer percussion | (handaxes) use of antler billet (better design) |
| clactonian assemblages | Asia; heavily wooded areas (no handaxes, but at the same time); used on spears (similar to Oldowan tools) |
| Zhoukoudian | big cave in China; sustainable, use of fire, possible cooking, 900-1100 cc brain |
| Gran Dolina | first Europeans; stone tools, animal bones |
| Torralba/Ambrona, Spain | hunting of elephants (drove into marshes) |
| Terra Amata, France | stake and post holes, rocks, fire pit, activity areas |
| Neanderthals | massively build, 1500cc, 5'0", cold conditions, maybe modern speech |
| Neanderthal social behavior | bands in a seasonal round, skilled hunters, lived in caves |
| Mousterian industry | retouched flakes (more economical per rock) |
| Levallois | (mousterian) turtle back shape, flakes knocked off, retouched |
| Diskcore | (mousterian) hockey puck-like core, flaked around edges |
| Burials | Shanidar Cave, la Chappelle-aux-Saints (including handicapped people) |
| Art/music | bone flute (not modern music, but does produce notes) |
| Search for the Neanderthal (movie) | used fire inefficiently, didn't plan for climate, some mixing, first humans to intentionally bury dead |
| climate change article | melting glaciers, rainstorms, melting sea ice, rising water levels |
| valley of the kings article | Ramesses-> conservative, not technological, very large structures |
| "Lasers" article | LiDAR- lasers to reveal underground Mayan structures |
| "Wonderful things" article | trash collection; tells about American culture |
| "Bushmen" article | hunting and gathering culture dies out (without people specifically dying out) |
| "How Climate Shaped Humanity" article | clam shells reveal changes in temperature, stone tools developed during climate changes, people die out during changes |
| "No Bone Unturned" article | Clyde Snow, forensic anthropologist |
| "Hobbit" article | small, primitive skeleton found in Indonesia- disease? island dwarfism? |
| Neanderthals article | technologically lacking, current humans, quick fluctuations in climate |
| 2 common misconceptions | Laetoli footprints (family), Indiana Jones (mystery-solving) |
| hominoid | all present/past apes and humans |
| hominid (hominin) | present and past humans |
| polygynous | having more than one mate |
| estrus | female cycling (more in humans) |
| lice | 72,000-42,000 YA (clothes) |
| white skin | only 10,000 YA |
| endocast | the copy or cast of the inside of a skull |
Created by:
melaniebeale
Popular Anthropology sets