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vet 2505
various crap
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| when inseminating a cow you must use sterile OB sleeves (true/false) | false |
| retained placentas are rarely associated with complications in the mare (true/false) | false |
| how often does a normal foal nurse | up to 7 times an hour |
| why is it better for a bull to have a slightly higher than normal BCS before breeding | tend to lose weight during breeding season |
| which species can you not use an electroejaculator to collect semen | equine |
| when should a bull breeding soundness exam be performed | 30-60 days prior to breeding season |
| when evaluating semen what percentage must motility be greater than to pass | 30% |
| when evaluating semen what percentage must morphology be greater than to pass | 70% |
| normal bovine gestation length | 283 days |
| what species as an infant has the highest risk of becoming hypothermic | pigs |
| during stage 3 of paturition what happens | placenta is expelled |
| bovine have what type of placental attachment | codeyldonary |
| foals are very susceptible to what | neonatal bacterial septicemia |
| what is the average length of gestation in a mare | ~330 days |
| if a client tells you her mare is experiencing "red bag" you as an RVT know that means | the mare has premature separation of the placenta |
| in terms of paturition P,P, and P stand for | presentation, posture, and position |
| the most commonly used drug for local anesthesia is | lidocaine |
| what local anesthesia block would you most likely do to prepare a cow for a paralumbar celiotomy | inverted "L" |
| doing an epidural as a local anesthetic block works on what areas of the body | tail and perinal area |
| the substance that is used in semen tanks to keep them cold is | liquid nitrogen |
| what is the best place to obtain a pulse from an equine patient | listen to the heart, or arteries |
| what is a hog snare used for | catching/restrain of pigs |
| a normal fear response of a horse is to kick (true/false) | true |
| regurgitation is common in ruminants (true/false) | true |
| a filly is considered a female horse between the ages of 1-2 years old (true/false) | false |
| when an animal is restrained in a head catch, there is no danger of being struck by the animals head (true/false) | false |
| what are the 4 quadrants of the bovine stomach | rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum |
| what type of wood can not be found in wood shavings for equine bedding | walnut |
| what is the normal heart rate of an adult bovine | 40-80 |
| the most common route for collecting a venous blood sample in sheep is | jugular vein |
| the proper location for an IM injection in a bovine | lateral cervical |
| the easiest way to move a pig is with a | hurdle |
| what will make a pig stand still | snare |
| what is the normal temperature for swine | 101.0-103.5 |
| what method of blood collection is best used for small amounts of blood in swine | lateral aurical vein |
| where did camelids originally come from | south america |
| what type of ovulators are camelids | induced |
| how many cria will camelids usually have per pregnancy | one |
| what is the most common defense mechanism camelids use | spit |
| what is a neonatal camelid called | cria |
| the pulse rate for camelids ranges between | 60-80 |
| if administering Xylazine to cattle, you should use how much of the dose used for equine | 1/10 |
| what type of instruments are used for open castrations | newberry emasculator, whites emasculator, serra emasculator |
| when castrating using elastrator bands, it is most important to do what | make sure both testicles are in the scrotum |
| what are examples of an official form of ID for a pig | ear tag, tattoo, ear notch |
| the dehorning tool you should use for older animals with up to 4 inches of horn growth is | barnes dehorner |
| what parasite is commonly found in sheep and goats | haemonchus contortus |
| what anthelmintics can be given to equine patients | ivermectin, fenbenzadole, praziquantel |
| the FAMACHA system can be used to help do what | determine an animals level of anemia, determine which animals need to be treated with anthelmintics |
| what is thrush | an infection of the frog |
| what causes thrush | a bacterial infection caused by fusobacterium necrophorum |
| what do you call a female horse that has had an offspring | mare |
| what do you call a young female horse | filly |
| what do you call a mare that is used strictly for breeding | brood mare |
| what do you call a male horse that is a stud | stallion |
| what do you call a young male horse | colt |
| what do you call a castrated male horse | gelding |
| what do you call a young male or female horse | foal |
| what do you call the breed of horse that is under 14.2 hands | pony |
| what do you call the breed of horse that is above 14.2 hands and 800-1200 lbs | light horse |
| what do you call the breed of horse that is above 14 hands and 1100-2500 lbs | draft horse |
| when speaking of horse height a "hand" is equal to how many inches | 4 |
| the foal life stage of a horse is how long | birth - 4 months |
| the weanling life stage of a horse is how long | 4-12 months |
| the yearling life stage of a horse is how long | 1-2 years old |
| plant materials classified as legumes or grasses, found in pastures or in hay | forages |
| a plant in the family fabacea, this inclues alfalfa, clover, peas, beans, lentils, lupins, and peanuts | legumes |
| calcification of injured, degenerating, or dead tissue | dystrophic mineralization |
| starter feed given to foals while they are still nursing | creep feed |
| inflammation and destruction of muscle cells | rhabdmyolysis |
| inflammation of the sensitive lamaina of the hoof | laminitis |
| abdominal pain in a horse is commonly called | colic |
| seizures during lactation resulting from hypocalcemia | eclampsia |
| what is osteoarthritis of the hock joint in a horse | bone spavin |
| what is the term used for disease associated with compression of the spinal cord in the horse | wobblers |
| what bacteria causes tetanus | clostridium tetani |
| the distal phalanx which is completeley enclosed within the hoof | coffin bone |
| sesmoid bone that lies behind the coffin bone and under the pastern bone, also the middle phalanx | navicular bone |
| triangular structure that extends forwards across about two thirds of the sole | frog |
| fluid filled sac located between a bone and a tendon | bursa |
| lack of exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen | asphyxiation |
| weakness of all four limbs | tetraparesis |
| surgical transection of a nerve | neurectomy |
| vascular tissue that connects or holds the hoof wall to the leg in a horse | sensitive laminia |
| hoof wall | insensitive laminia |
| fusion of a joint | ankylosis |
| this is the neurotransmitter that inhibits nerve conduction | GABA |
| exercising a horse in a circle with a long lead rope | lunging |
| diagnostic technique used for localizing pain in horses | nerve block |
| what is the rudimentary 1st upper premolar in the horse | wolf tooth |
| filing down the teeth in the horse | floating |
| dropping food while eating | quidding |
| severe abdominal pain in the horse | colic |
| abnormal position of gastrointestinal organs resulting in blockage of that organ | entrapement |
| increased blood flow to the sclera causing redness | injected sclera |
| dietary supplements containing potentially beneficial bacteria or yeast | probiotics |
| chewing on non-food items | pica |
| abnormal behavior in which horse grasps onto something with their teeth and then sucks in the air | cribbing |
| mucous exudates | catarrhal |
| spread of Strep. equi and subsequent abscess formation in the tissues beyond the head | bastard strangles |
| chemical added to penicillin to increase its duration of activity | procaine |
| ration of sick to well animals in a population | morbidity |
| lack of appetite | inappetence |
| diagnostic technique involving flusing small amounts of fluid down the trachea and then immediately suctioning it back out | transtracheal wash (TTW) |
| plasma obtained from an animal that has recently been vaccinated against a specific pathogen | hyperimmune plasma |
| purulent discharge in a natural body cavity | empyema |
| inflammation of a lymph node | lymphadenitis |
| difficulty swallowing | dysphagia |
| visible "line: delineating hypertrophy of the external abdominal oblique muscles | heave line |
| diagnostic technique involving passing of endoscope down into the bronchi, flushing fluid in and then immediately suctioning it back out | brachoalveolar lavage (BAL) |
| loss of myelin from the nerve sheath | demyelination |
| paralysis of one side of the body | hemiplegia |
| this horse breed originated in the U.S. from horses brought from Spain, they are white all over hips and loins with dark spots, or sometimes they are white all over | Appaloosa |
| what horse breed originated from horses brought to the new world by spanish, originally came from north africa, used for show and pleasure, may be any color | american mustang |
| what horse breed originated from arabia, they are small 850-1100 lbs, used for pleasure, showing, and as a stock horse, colors are bay, gray, chestnut, and a few are black | arabian |
| what horse breed originated from belgium, draft horse, 1900-2200 lbs, colors are bay, chestnut, and roan | belgian |
| what horse breed originated in US from spanish stock, is a color breed, used for pleasure or as stock horse, colors are buckskin, dun and red dun | buckskin |
| what horse breed originated from scotland, used as a draft horse, 1700-1900 lbs, colors are bay and brown with white markings | clydesdale |
| what horse breed originated in england, 800-1200 lbs, used as a harness or carriage horse, colors are bay, brown, or chestnut with white markings | hackney |
| what horse breed originated in france, draft horse, 1900-200 lbs, colors are bay, brown, chestnut and roan | percheron |
| what horse breed originated in the new england states, used for pleasure and as stock horse, foundation breed for many breeds in the US, colors are bay, black, brown and chestnut | morgan |
| what horse breed originated in the US from spanish stock, used for pleasure, stock, harness, and parade, colors are gold, color does not breed true in crosses, mane and tail are lighter in color | palomino |
| what horse breed originated in the US, preferred color is 1/2 white and 1/2 colored, legs are usually white, 4 types are stock, pleasure, hunter, and saddle | pinto |
| what horse breed originated in the US, has color patterns of the appaloosa, used for pleasure and show, from 11-13 hands high | pony of the americas |
| what horse breed originated in the US, first used as a race horse, "quarter miler" comes in most colors, used for pleasure, racing, show, and stock | quarter horse |
| what horse breed originated in shetland islands, may be any color, has 2 sizes, 10-3 hands or 11-1 hands, used for pleasure riding by children, showing, or racing | shetland pony |
| what horse breed originated in the US, colors are bay, black, brown, and chestnut, developed as a harness racing horse | standardbred |
| what horse breed originated in the US, colors include sorrel, chestnut, black, bay, brown, white and golden, noted for its running walk gait, used for pleasure riding and showing | tennessee walking horse |
| what horse breed originated in england, development as a race horse began in the 17th century, colors include bay, brown, and chestnut, used as a race horse | thoroughbred |
| what is the rear feet kicking range of a horse | 6-8 feet |
| what is the normal fecal output of a horse | 8-10 times daily |
| what type of fermenteres are horses | hindgut |
| what is the primary site of fermentation in the horse | cecum |
| what is the secondary site of fermentation in the horse | large intestines |
| where do horses get their protein from | plants |
| where do horses get their carbohydrates from | grains, forages, supplements |
| what is not a big part of a horses diet in nature | fats |
| how many grains of NaCl are lost with every pound of perspiration in the horse | 30 |
| an excess and deficiency of this micromineral can cause serious fetal abnormalities in the foal, and deficiency causes a goiter or thyroid hypertrophy in the horse | iodine |
| this micromineral is important in the horse for cartilage, bone, and pigment formation | copper |
| this micromineral is important in the horse for the formation of hemoglobin | iron |
| this mircromineral in excess causes bone problems and in deficiency causes hair loss and poor wound healing in the horse | zinc |
| a deficiency of these macrominerals results in weak, abnormal bones, excess can result in dystrophic mineralization in the horse | calcium and phosphorous |
| what is the most important nutrient for a foal | colostrum |
| a foal must have colostrum prior to what age | 24 hours |
| at peak lactation mares need what percentage more energy than base needs | 75% |
| during late pregnancy mares need about how much more energy | 20%-30% |
| mares have their highest energy requirements during what time | lactation |
| this nutritional disease is when the foal does not get colostrum | failure of passive transfer (FPT) |
| this nutritional disease is associated with consumption of excess grain, lush pasture, or water, affects the feet and ungulates, best known in horses and cattle, symptoms include lameness and increased temp in the hooves | laminitis |
| this nutritional disease is often associated with inadequate water or over eating, causes very bad abdominal pain | colic |
| this syndrome is caused by the pulley system of the navicular bone and deep digital flexor tendon not working properly, caused by nutrition, trauma, or breed predilection (quarter horse, thoroughbred, warmbloods) | navicular syndrome |
| treatment of this syndrome involves therapeutic shoes, trimming hoof, phenylbutazone, rest vs limited exercise, surgery- palmar digital neurectomy | navicular syndrome |
| navicular syndrome can be prevented or slowed down by what | proper hoof trimming |
| this is caused by overgrazing on lush pasture, grain overload, contralateral limb lameness, septic metritis, enteritis, black walnuts, or high levels of corticosteroids | laminitis |
| the clinical signs of this in its acute form are bounding pulses in palmar digital arteries, heat in foot/feet, "sawhorse" stance, pain over toe with hoof testers | laminitis |
| clinical signs of this in the chronic form are abnormal hoof confirmation | laminitis |
| another term for laminitis is | founder |
| treatment of this involves treating the underlying cause, use of antinflammatories, or therapeutic shoes that have frog support bandaging, and deep bedding | laminitis |
| prevention of this involves nutritional management, verify placenta is fully passes, monitor blood flow within the hoof | laminitis |
| this is osteoarthritis of the hock joint | bone spavin |
| the most common cause of this is strains/stress associated with performance, on a PE the horse will be lame after flexion test, is diagnosed by nerve blocks and radiographs, treatment is associated with decreasing the inflammation in the joint | bone spavin |
| the clinical signs of this are muscles are stiff and have spasms, increased sensitivity to noise and touch, progresses to rigid paralysis, death within 10 days of asphyxiation, transmission through wound contamination | tetanus |
| the treatment of this involves muscle relaxation, providing good footing, eliminating infection, neutralizing toxin, maintain hydration and nutrition, establish active antitoxic immunity | tetanus |
| prevention of this involves vaccinations and proper wound hygiene | tetanus |
| this type of dental abnormality in the horse is often referred to as "parrot mouth' | brachygnathism |
| this type of dental abnormality in the horse is often referred to as "monkey, sow, or bulldog mouth" | prognathism |
| this is partial or total obstruction of the esophagus, caused by expansion of pelleted feed and decreased smooth muscle motility due to trauma, inflammation, scar tissue, or neoplasia | choke |
| clinical signs of this include difficult swallowing, excessive salivation, swollen throat, discharge of food from nostrils, neck extension | choke |
| diagnosis of this is by inability to pass an NG tube, esophogeal palpation, no mode of transmission | choke |
| treatment of this includes sedation to relax the esophagus, lavage with water via NG tube, antibiotics, NSAIDs | choke |
| prevention of this involves soaking dry feed, avoiding whole fruits and veggies, and no food for 4 hours post sedation | choke |
| this can cause the development of gastric ulcers in the horse because it reduces the blood flow of the mucosa | exercise |
| this is abdominal pain caused by impaction, grain overload, entrapment, inflammation, or intestinal parasites | colic |
| clinical signs of this include pawing, roling, lying down more than usual, sweating, kicking/looking at the abdomen, tachycardia | colic |
| treatment of this may be medical and include walking, analgesia, fluids, or surgical | colic |
| prevention of this includes increasing forages, increasing pasture time, and regular deworming | colic |
| how long is the estrus cycle of a horse | 21 days |
| this stage of paturition in a horse includes initation of uterine contractions, last 1-6 hours | stage 1 |
| this stage of paturition in a horse includes time from rupture of the sac to fetal delivery and is normally only 20 mins | stage 2 |
| this stage of paturition in a horse includes delivery of the placenta and should not last longer than 3 hours | stage 3 |
| produce on mature ovum per cycle | uniparous |
| produce multiple mature ovum per cycle | multiparious |
| breeding must take place before ovulation will occur | induce ovulator |
| cycle continuously throughout the year | polyestrous |
| cycle continuously at certain times of the year | seasonally polyestrous |
| have two cycles per year one in the spring and one in the fall | diestrous |
| have only one cycle per year | monoestrous |
| this result of a breeding soundness exam is when the bull passed all 3 criteria and should be good for breeding | satisfactory |
| this result of a breeding soundness exam is when the bull did not pass all criteria, but should be reevaluted because the problem may resolve over time | deferred |
| this breeding soundness exam result is when the bull does not pass all criteria and has a non-resolvable problem | unsatisfactory |
| this is the period of follicular development | proesterus |
| this is the period when estrogen level has reached its peak, receptive to the male, ovulation is soon after | estrus |
| this period is when the CL begins to develope | metestrus |
| this period is the active, luteal stage, where the CL has reached max size and max effect | diestrus |
| this period is ovarian inactivity | anestrus |
| how long is the gestational period of a bovine | 278 days |
| how long is the gestational period of a equine | 330 days |
| how long is the gestational period of a ovine/caprine | 150 days |
| how long is the gestational period of a porcine | 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days |
| how long is the gestational period of a camelid | 350 days |
| what is the most common amount of bovine offspring | single |
| what is the most common amount of equine offspring | single |
| what is the most common amount of ovine/caprine offspring | twins most common |
| what is the most common amount of porcine offspring | 8-10 |
| what is the most common amount of camelid offspring | single |
| what type of placenta has nearly the whole surface of the allantochorion forming in the placenta | diffuse |
| which large animals have a diffuse placental type | horse and pigs |
| what type of placenta has multiple areas of attachment, fetal portion is the cotyledon, maternal portion are the carnucles | cotyledonary |
| what large animal has a cotyledonary placental type | ruminants |
| how long can waxing in the equine occur before paturition | 12-48 hours typically |
| how long should stage 1 of paturition last in the equine | 30 mins to 4 hours |
| how long should stage 2 of paturition last in the equine | 20-30 mins |
| how long should stage 3 of paturition last in the equine | 30 mins to 3 hours |
| udder development will occur how long into paturition in the bovine | 30-45 days |
| how long should stage 1 of paturition last in the bovine | 2-8 hours |
| how long should stage 2 of paturition last in the bovine | 30 mins to 4 hours |
| how often should progress occur in the bovine during stage 2 of paturition | every hour |
| how long should stage 3 of paturition last in the bovine | 30 mins to 12 hours |
| how long should stage 1 of paturition last in the ovine/caprine | 1-4 hours |
| how long should stage 2 of paturition last in the ovine/caprine | max of 2 hours |
| how long should stage 3 of paturition last in the ovine/caprine | within 8 hours |
| udder development will occur how long into paturition in the porcine | 30 days |
| a porcine will stream milk how soon before birth | 12 hours |
| how long should stage 1 of paturition in the porcine last | 12-24 hours |
| how long should stage 2 of paturition in the porcine last | 1-5 hours |
| what is the average length of time that should occur between the birth of each piglet | 10-20 mins |
| how long should stage 3 of paturition in the porcine last | 1-12 hours |
| a retained placenta in the porcine could indicate what | more piglets |
| how long should stage 1 of paturition in the camelid last | 2-6 hourse |
| how long should stage 2 of paturition in the camelid last | 30-45 mins |
| how long should stage 3 of paturition in the camelid last | within 2 hours |
| this is caused by blood being shunted away from non-vital organs to vital organs, once blood o2 levels return to normal reperfusion of tissues causes release of free radicals which can damage tissue, caused by hypoxia in foals | neonatal maladjustment syndrome |
| clinical signs of this include loss of dam recognition after 24-48 hours, loss of suckle reflex, aimless wandering, head pressing, lethargy, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, hypotension, oliguria, lleus, colic, diarrhea | neonatal maladjustment syndrome |
| diagnosis of this includes a PE, history, IgG levels, CBC/Chem, thoracic radiographs, advanced neuro diagnostics | neonatal maladjustment syndrome |
| treatment of this includes anticonvulsants, DMSO, mannitol, o2 supplementation, theophylline, dopamine/dobutamine, furosemine, digoxin, IV fluids, erythromycin, metoclopramide, colostrum, and basic nutrition | neonatal maladjustment syndrome |
| what is another term for neonatal maladjustment syndrome | dummy foals |
| this is defined as metritis or endometritis and is caused by bacteria, contagious equine metritis, or fungus | uterine infections |
| clinical signs of this include infertility, vaginal discharge, vaginitis, or fluid accumulation in the uterus | uterine infections |
| diagnosis of this includes ultrasound, culture and sensitivity, endometrial cytology, endometrial biopsy, and CBC | uterine infections |
| this can be transmitted via breeding, paturition, due to an anatomical defect, or iatrogenic, treatment includes uterine lavage, intrauterine antibiotic therapy, or systemic antibiotics | uterine infections |
| prevention of this includes avoiding multiple breedings, caslicks surgery, sanitation during paturition, asepsis during vaginal exams | uterine infections |
| this is caused by acepromazine, especially in stallions and recently castrated geldings, equine herpes virus 1, trauma, or nerve damage | penile paralysis (paraphimosis) |
| clinical signs of this include a swollen, dried penis, distal end of the penis is cool to the touch, diagnosed by clinical signs and history | penile paralysis (paraphimosis) |
| transmission of this is N/A, treatment is aimed at reducing swelling, improving blood supply, controlling pain, and preventing infections, amputation may be necessary | penile paralysis (paraphimosis) |
| treatment of this may include cold hydrotherapy, abdominal wraps, anti-inflammatories, diuretics, systemic antibiotics, benztropine, or amputation | penile paralysis (paraphimosis) |
| this problem can cause loss of full erection abiility, or loss of ability to ejaculation, prevention includes avoiding acepromazine in stallions and new geldings, vaccine for equine herpes-1 | penile paralysis (paraphimosis) |
| what is the medical term for penile paralysis | paraphimosis |
| abnormal fetal presentation at the time of paturition, breech presentation | malpresentation |
| abnormal position of fetus at time of paturition, foal presented with feet first and then head, but is upside down | malposition |
| contraction of the neck muscles causing the head to be turned to one side with the chin elevated | torticollis |
| congenital defect of the limbs caused by multiple joint contractures and is characterized by muscle weakness and fibrosis | arthrogryposis |
| inflammation of the uterus | metritis |
| inflammation of the inside lining of the uterus | endometritis |
| surgical partial closing of the vulvular folds to prevent uterine infections | caslicks surgery |
| cutting apart of non-viable fetus to enable removal from the uterus | fetotomy |
| penile paralysis with the penis extruded from the prepuce | paraphimosis |
| caused by steptococcus equi, colonization of the submandibular, submaxillary, and retropharyngeal lymph nodes leading to abscess formation, +/- rupturing of the lymph nodes, pneumonia | strangles |
| clinical signs include swollen lymph nodes, fever, cattarhal to mucopurulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, "bastard strangles" | strangles |
| transmission of this is direct contact by discharge, fomites, shedding of bacteria post recovery | strangles |
| diagnosis of this includes +/- culture & sensitivity, treatment is to lance the abscesses, +/- procaine penicillin G, prevention includes isolation of infected horse, and vaccination | strangles |
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