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bioanth pt 2
biocultural anthro part 2 for final
| Question | Answer | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| what is archaeology | the study of learned behavior patterns in extinct groups, study of human remains | ||
| types of archaeology | prehistoric: study of human material culture before written records | historic: study of human material cultures with human recores | contract: study of excavating and preserving material culture right before the site is going to be destroyed |
| Classical archaeologists | nabondius: excavated temples in babylon centuries ago || ancient egyptions: robbed graves and stole artifacts || ciriaco: historian during italian rennaissance, translated latin transcripts and promoted studying the ancient egyptians, greeks and romans | ||
| classical archaeologists continued | Heinrich Schliemann: father of modern archaeology, discovered troy, but stole the artifacts and kept in his personal collection | ||
| prehistoric archaeologists | jaques Boucher: found basic cave drawings and stone tools in french caves, postulated the existence of early hominids, was in conflict w the church || Thomas Jefferson: known as the father of american archaeology,excavated a native american burial ground | jefferson also wrote scholarly articles on the "new world" | |
| archaeological techniques continued | recovering archeological evidence: site determination, find a good excavation site through surface artifact finds, local legends/stories, infrared or satellite scanning and explorers documents | site survey: how to determine cultural intensity of site through site sampling, shovel probing and site mapping and grid marking | site excavations: how to recover artifacts from a site. you can dig a test pit and determine the stratigraphy, collect soil for matrix analysis, grid by grid excavation,once the artifact is located, it must be photographed, recovered and preserved |
| archaeological techniques continued | lab analysis: how to analyze cultural and physical artifacts. you date the artifact, count, number and describe the artifact, reconstruct the artifact, and interpret cultural site based on the artifacts, flora, fauna, size, age and location | ||
| savannah theory of human evolution | group of hominids adapted to tall grass, the savannah, once cranial capacity reached a critical size, the capacity for culture resulted | the hominids survived by scavenging meat and dragging it back to the trees, this theory supports the development of stereoscopic vision and bipedalism | |
| stone tools | earliest material culture found in archaeological record | ||
| development of stone tools | 1.paleolitic period: based on big game hunting and gathering, largest period | mesolithic period: middle stone age, transition from big game to small game hunting and gathering, specialization of plant processing begins | neolithic period: from the beginning of agriculture to the use of metal tools |
| paleolithic period | longest of the 3periods, simplest tools, big game hunting, small groups, use of fire | divided into 3 dvisions: lower paleolithic, middle paleolithic, upper paleolithic | |
| lower paleolithic | oldawan tool complex, pebble tools, associated with homo habilis, oldawan tools associated with meat processing, animal skin processing, wood working | acheulian tool complex, biface hand axe, scrappers and cleavers, tools are more complex, associated homo erectus, homo neanderthal and archaic homo sapien | homo erectus (java/peking human) found remains of tools and fire with him |
| middle paleolithic | evolution of tool types and manufacturing, ie. levallois core technique: striking flakes away from a core to make tool || mousteiran tool industry: small flakes, spear points, sharper hand axes. associated w neanderthal and sapien | ||
| upper paleolithic | tools from this time associated w change from neanderthal to sapiens | ||
| mesolithic period | large game died, multiple theories on why they all died | overkill theory: humans slowly became more skilled and over hunted them. problems with the theory: some extinctions occured before people arrived, also, too few hominids to kill ALL the large fauna | chlimate change theory: weather shifted to being more warm and cold weather adapted animals couldnt survive. problems w/ theory: other animals survived extreme weather change wo dying. also, diverse groups of animals died, not just cold weather animals |
| mesolithic period continued | transition from big game hunting to small game hunting and new food sources. start exploiting fish, shell fish, river plants, berries, roots, nuts, gathering skills and knowledge improve | shift from living in caves and rock shelters to open air sites, some sites are seasonal, depending on availibility of food. different groups used different food sources and traded with other groups for food and cultural items, | general increase in cultural complexity. new tool called MICROLITHES, small sharp stones fitted in wooden handles. also made tools that would make tools |
| neolithic period | transition from agriculture to use of etal tools and from collecting plants to cultivating them. animals domesticated, cultural technology related to food processing, agriculture and herding increases, ie. plow | become sedentary, larger groups, surplus foods led to many things like storage vessels for food, wheels and animal power, cultural complexity and population increase. | Agriculture is said to have begun independently in both meso america and near east. needed genetic change in plants to produce better (for humans) crops, and change in humans, from gathering to growing |
| neolithic period continued | origin of agriculture in meso america: began near meixco city, teuhacan valley, grew precursor to corn, beans, squash, and raised dogs and guinea pigs | origin of agriculture in the east: fertile crescent between tigris and euphrates, wheat, barley, dogs, goats and sheep, increased population pushed some people out to marginal areas | |
| E.B. Tylor | defines culture as a complex whole comprised of beliefs, knowledge, art, morals, customs and other habits acquired by humans as a member of a society | ||
| Franz Boas | father of modern anthro, defines cultures as an integrated system of learned behavour patterns characteristic of the people in that society, NOT the result of biological inheritance | proposed cultural relativism: can't judge a culture out of context | historical particularism: cant rank cultures based on development, they each develop in their own time and pace |
| common definition of culture | integrated system of patterns, learned not instinctive, charecteristics shared by a society, learned behavior pattersn | ||
| ethnography | study of all the behaviors of one culture | ||
| ethnology | study of one behavior across many cultures | ||
| social anthropology | study of human social structures | ||
| psychological anthropology | study of intelligence across many cultures | ||
| Cultural variables | cultural ecology: how groups adapt to a local environment || subsistence technology: how groups get food || economics: what groups do w their food after getting it || social organization: how people organize into groups | kinship strucute: how groups organize relatives || political systems: how groups rule themselves || religion: how groups organize the supernatural || legal system: how groups recognize and determine crime and guilt | |
| cultural concepts | ethnocentrism: belief that your culture is the best. to prevent ethnocentrism, franz boas proposed cultural relativism and historical particularism | culture shock: surprise from being immersed in a new culture || real behavior: actual behavior of a group || ideal behavior: perceived behavior of a group || impression management: changing opinions that people have of a group by changing the way the act | back region: behavior concealed by group (real behavior) || emic: insiders view || etic: outsiders view || enculturation: learning culture behaviors from birth || acculturation: learning a cultures behaviors as a second cutlure |
| cultural concepts cont. | cultural universals: things common to all cultures, such as religion, age grading, athletics, gmaes, divison of labor by sex, cultural variables | ||
| early anthropology | fist anthropologists were explorers, missionaries, soldiers | arm chair anthro: studying records of the people instead of actually interacting w them. ranked and judged cultures | modern anthro: based on scientific method, cultural relativism and historical particularism |
| Bronislaw Malinowski | exiled to trobriand islands, proposed 3 rules for field work: live w the people, learn their language, participant observation | ||
| ethnographic field work techniques | participant observation: live and interact w the people. advantages: see culture first hand. disadvantages: culture shock, ethnocentricity, being accepted, language problems | interviewing: asking informants about their culture. advantages: easier than participant observation. disadvantages: language problems, interpreter reliability problems, maybe getting a ideal view of culture, not real | questionnaires: limited to those who can read/write, validity || collection of material culture: problems are shipping and breakage, storage of perishable things, unique everyday items can't be shipped |
| human life cycle | progression of life of an individual, includes the universal biological pattern and the culture specific pattern | ||
| biological stages of life cycle | conception: fertilization || embryonic period: period of development and differentiation. || fetal period: time of rapid somatic growth. || birth: coming into the world || neonatal period: adjusting to the outside environment, mostly reflexive behavior | infancy: transition from reflexive to purposeful behavior (feeding, sphincter control, moving) || childhood: additional growth of different body parts. || juvenile: growth deceleration, enculturation and socialization. || puberty: sexual organ development | young adulthood: growth cessation and eventual degeneration. || late adulthood: end of childbearing years (for girls) || death |
| Biological factors that alter human life cycle | physical environment: extreme weather can cause your body to develop differently, live longer/shorter, in response, necessary parts of life, ie. puberty can be delayed or prolonged in response to extreme environment | pre and postnatal care: some vitamins needed for proper baby growth, if not taken then stages of life, birth, dental eruption, puberty, can be delayed or skipped. ie. Marasmus: caused my chronic malnourisment, child is hyper alert and ravenous, | skin wrinkly, bones are visible. another example is kwashiorkor: caused by sudden malnourishment, results in apath, swelling of extremities, cracked skin|| cultural practices: cultural variations change biological cycle, ie breast feeding spaces out kids |
| humans and cultural ecology | human ecology: study of relationships between people and their environment | cultural ecology: study of learned behavior patterns that allow people to survive in their environment | |
| cultural ecology | biomes: environments w common characteristics. || habitat: place inhabited by a particular group in a biome, people inhabit different habitats w different temperatures and altitudes | food chain: levels of energy extraction from environment, generally further from equator you are, longer the food chain is and the more complex the culture of that group will be | biomass: sum of total living organisms per unit area of land. || carryin capacity: environmental limit of an area. || cultural evolution: groups in similar environments will have similar learned behavior patterns |
| subsistence technology | hunting and gathering: foraging, hunting , fishing. || pastoralism: herding animals. | horticulture: slash and burn, basic agriculture. | agriculture using plows, mechanized agriculture, essentially more developed |
| economic systems: what you do w food after you get it | primitive economics: hunters/gatherers, horticulturists. little specialization, no markets/ exports, surplus usually goes to ceremonies | peasant economics: peasant agriculturist, little specialization, most surplus goes to land owner/taxes, whatever's left can be exchanged at a market of sorts | industrial economic culures: specialization, mechanized agriculture, surplus feeds specialists, market exchange system |
| types of exchange systems | reciprocity: exchange of goods w/o expecting repayment, usually occurs in egalitarian(classless) societies. generalized r = free gifts, no strings attached. balanced r= expect equal gift in return. negative r=trying to take advantage of other, ie. war | redistribution: goods collected by authority and reallocated. found in stratified societies, supports specialists and elite. ie. potlatch among kwakiutl, give away all their wealth at a huge party | market exchange: buying and selling goods, found in stratified societies, supports specialists and elites. ie. pratik, female haitian wholesalers, middle man between tourists on coast and artists in mountain |
| family/social organization | family is universal, serves as educational and social enculturation, legalizes sex, creates parental roles and offspring, increases economic status by combining family wealth | conjugal spouses: married people. || nuclear family: married people and kids || composite conjugal-natal family: multiple spouses and kids || extended family: single nuclear family and lineal relatives || clan: a couple nuclear families and relatives | band: a group of extended families || tribe: group of different clans || chiefdom: group of different tribes || state: group of different chiefdoms |
| characteristics of state level societies | large population, surplus and taxes, public works, central gov't, specialization, trade, classes, appearance of sciences and writing | ||
| types of marriage | monogomy: married to one person at a time, related to hunter gatherers. serial monogamy: have multiple spouses, but only at a time | polygamy: multiple spouses. bc of uneven sex ratios, can "afford" more. polygyny: male/many wives, HG and horticulture. sororal polygyny: marry sisters. || polyandry: 1 wife, many husbands, related to pastoralism, fraternal polyandry: marry brothers | |
| types or residence | patrilocality: lives w husbands family, related to pastoralism || matrilocality: lives near wife's family, related to horticulture || bilocality: can live near either family, related to HG groups || neolocality: lives near neither, new place, agricultural | avunculocality: lives near husband's mother's brother, related to horticulture, where plants must be protected | |
| types of descent patterns | patrilineal descent: trace from father's line, associated w pastoralism | matrilineal descent: trace through mother's line, related w horticulture | bilateral descent: trace through both, essentially don't count anyone who married in or is after ego's generation, everyone else is fair game |
| types of relatives: | consanguineal: related by blood || affinal: related by marriage | Parallel cousins: children of same sex siblings of parents || cross cousins: children of different sex siblings of parents | |
| cultural perspectives | synchronic: study the culture a single time, in a single time | diachronic perspective: study the culture over many time periods to see how it changes | |
| mechanisms of cultural change | invention: a new tool or principle that changes the culture || diffusion: passive spread of a learned behavior pattern or culture | acculturation: change that occurs because of increased contact between two cultures | modernization: change when developing cultures get characteristics of more western cultures |
| cultural reactions to change | revitalization: passive attempt to resist change by emphasizing the old ways. an example is Ghandi, the mother earthers | nativistic movements: active,aggressive reisistance to change. example: ghost dance ritual and boxer rebellion. ghost dance started by indian named WOVOKA, said that the dance would help indians push out the whites resulted in wounded knee massacre | millenarian movements: change culture through transformation of world by supernatural power, ie. hitler, apocalypse || cargo cults: attempt to incorporate new cultural behavior, usually taken out of context |
| theories of cultural evolution | unilineal: proposed by morgan and tyler, said that, given time, all cultures will pass through same stages. 1.savagery, most primitive 2. barbarian, chiefdoms and stuff 3. civilization, ie. european society. very ethnocentric, armchair anthropology | multilineal: proposed by julian steward, based on historical particularism and local environment, says all cultures evolve differently depending on environment, acculturation, energy utilization, etc etc | |
| archaeological techniques | science of taphonomy: how things become preserved, buried, etc. can be buried through 3 ways. Discarded as garbage, buried intentionally (grave goods) or buried as a result of catastrophe (ie. pompei, rarest of the 3) | context analysis: important, adds necessary environmental info. Matrix analysis: rock, clay or sand that artifacts ar buried in. scratched rocks indiate glaciar movement. Floral analysis: plant, seed and pollen from a site, can indicate weather, diet, etc | faunal analysis: animal remains from a site, can give info about local environment and diet |
Created by:
hsinha93
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