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Parasit: ruminants 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| gongylonema pulchrum: location in host | esophagus |
| gongylonema pulchrum: sf | spiruroidea |
| gongylonema pulchrum: phylum | nematoda |
| gongylonema pulchrum: common name | esophageal worm, stitch worm, gullet worm |
| gongylonema pulchrum: eggs | larvated; don't float well - sedimentaiton |
| gongylonema pulchrum: diagnosis | raised zig-zag lesions in mucosa of esophagus/tongue (pathognomonic), nonpathogenic |
| gongylonema pulchrum: LC direct/indirect | indirect |
| gongylonema pulchrum: DH | swine, ruminants |
| gongylonema pulchrum: IH | dung beetles & cockroaches |
| gongylonema pulchrum: what repro products passed in feces | embryonated eggs |
| gongylonema pulchrum: LC | embryonated eggs passed in feces, ingested by coprophagous beetle, ingested by DH, migration from stomach up esophageal mucosa |
| gongylonema pulchrum: ppp | 8 weeks |
| rumen flukes: location in host | ruminoretuculum |
| rumen flukes: class | trematoda |
| rumen flukes: DH | ruminants |
| rumen flukes: IH | numerous amphibious or aquatic snails suitable for various spp |
| rumen flukes: genera? | paramphistomum, cotylophoron |
| rumen flukes: LC | egg hatches in water, miracidium infects snail - sporocyst, redia, cercaria - encyst on vegetation = metacercaria, ingest by DH, excyst in SI, migrate to rumenoreticulum |
| rumen flukes: ppp | 7-8 wks to 5 mo's |
| rumen flukes: pathogenesis | immature fluikes are plug feeders in duodenum & can cause enteritis in sheep & occ cattle (africa, asia, australia; no disease reported in N america) |
| ciliates: location in host | rumen/reticulum; large intestine (less common) |
| ciliates: phylum | ciliophora |
| ciliates: ob/fac an/aerobe | ob anaerobe |
| ciliates: nutrition | some absorb CHO & store as amylopectin or starch; others metabolize starch granules; some feed on rumen bacteria & produce H, CO2, lactic/acetic/butyric/propionic acid |
| ciliates: what aspects of ruminant nutrition do they provide | 20% of protein; 20% of VFA's |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: superfamilies involved | trichostrongyloidea, strongyloidea |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: genera involved? where? | abomasum (haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrong), SI (trichostrong, cooperia, nematodirus); LI (oesophogastomum) |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: LC | segmented eggs passed in feces, develop to L1 & hatch, larvae aquatic - go where moisture is, L3 ingested during grazing, develop to adult in GIT |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: infective stage | L3 |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: repro product passed in feces | segmented egg |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: ppp | 3 wks |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: what determines larval devel in pasture | temp, moisture; high temps - develop fast, low life expectancy; low temp - develop slow, high life expectancy; can die of desiccation/high temp/excess moisture/UV |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: what can larvae do to survive in adverse weather | move into soil, entrapped in dung pat, hypobiosis |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: pathogenesis | disease due to mixed infection; ec loss - failure to gain weight / produce milk at optimum rate; decreased production = primary loss; nutrition is important! |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: clinical signs of gastric parasitism | anorexia, hypertrophy of mucosa, reduced primary digestion, decreased HCl & pepsin production - dyspepsia, loss of plasma protein, blood loss |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: clinical signs of intestinal parasitism | lowered absorption & transport, loss of H20 & electrolytes, increased peristalsis, loss of plasma protein, malabsorption; diarrhea |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: physiological effects | lots of diarrhea & nutrition stuff. look it up, you lazy butt. page 171. |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: aquired immunity | retardation/inhibition of devel of larval nematodes (hypobiosis), decr est of infection, structural/metabolic changes, suppression of egg prdouction, elimination of existing infection (self-cure) |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: self-cure | initiated by intake of infective larval parasites, usually massive exposure following pd of draught; allx response, removes all spp of worms rpesent, animals them become reinfected or are refractory to new infection |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: general considerations | excessive use of anthelmintics interferes w/animal's ability to mount immune resp; very young animals unresponsive to most worm Ag's; some spp of helminths provoke early strong resistance to infection, others req'r repeated exposure |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: hypobiosis | immunologial, competitive, or physiologic stimulation; L4 |
| PPRR | periparturient relaxation of resistance; prolactin increases at parturition/lactation, egg production increases; arrested larvae no longer inhibited, little resistance to new infection; young animals come in contact w/many larvae bcz of increased # of egg |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: immunologic exhaustion | animals exposed to prolonged continuous Ag stimulation become unresponsive; if worm burden is removed they become responsive again |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: cool season parasites | ostertagia, cooperia conchophora, trichostrongylus axei, t. colubriformis, dictyocaulus |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: warm season parasites | haemonchus, cooperia punctata, C. pectinata |
| ostertagia: cool or warm season | cool |
| cooperia onchophora: cool/warm | cool |
| trichostrongylus axei: cool/warm | cool |
| trichostrongylus colubriformis: cool/warm | cool |
| dictyocaulus: cool/warm | cool |
| haemonchus: cool/warm | warm |
| cooperia punctata: cool/warm | warm |
| cooperia pectinata: cool/warm | warm |
| bioclimatograph | graph avg rainfall vs avg temp for a locality; compare parameteres w/in which parasite can survive; shows when transmission is most likely |
| selective grazing | type of herbage (new growth, stems, leaves); each spp has its preferences, vary w/time of year; little site-specific competition among cattle, sheep, goats where there is diverse forage available |
| grazing behavior & managemetn: key point | quality of forage, not acreage, is important |
| raking | high night, low day: sheep bed down on highest areas of pasture, graze in low areas |
| hefting | heavily graze certain areas; areas heavily grazed are parks, long grass in between parks called roughs; hate own feces - graze away from them |
| owvercrowding | high production; many animals on small area make it diffiuclt/impossible to graze away from fecal contaminated forage |
| overgrazing | must eat lower to ground, less selection; lg parks, smaller roughs; more larvae closer to ground |
| effect of nutrition on parasitism | more worms on low nutritional plane; it is possible to feed host enough to disguise effects of parasitism; protein levels important, evidence suggests that high protein intake will reduce PPRR during early lactation |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: most important genera in dairy/beef calves | ostertagia, cooperia, haemonchus |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: most important genera in sheep of all ages | haemonchus |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: most important genera in cameloids | haemonchus, camelostrongylus |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: most important genera in replacements / stockers | ostertagia, haemonchus, cooperia |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: most important genera in goats of all ages | haemonchus, trichostrongylus |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: most important genera in adult cows | ostertagia |
| parasitic gastroenteritis: most important genera in deer | ostertagids, haemonchus |
| haemonchus spp: location in host | abomasum |
| haemonchus spp: sf | trichostrongyloidea |
| haemonchus spp: common names | barber's pole worm, stomach worm, candy cane worm |
| haemonchus spp: size relative to toehr abomasal worms | largest; can be seen grossly |
| haemonchus spp: repro product passed in feces | segmented eggs |
| most important pathogen of small ruminants in temperate & tropical regions | haemonchus contoruts |
| haemonchus spp: which spp occurs primarily in cattle | H. placei |
| haemonchus contortus: hosts | sheep, goats, cemeloids, deer, exotic ruminants |
| haemonchus contortus: what ages does it affect | all ages; young may be more severely affected |
| haemonchus contortus: disease in what times of the year | warm seasons or year-round in humid tropical climates |
| haemonchus contortus: what do they feed on | L4 & adults suck blood |
| haemonchus contortus: lc d/i | direct |
| haemonchus contortus: LC | segmented eggs passed, L1 hatch, L3 ingested during grazing, exsheath in rumen, enter abomasum, penetrate gastric epith cells, molt to L4, emerge, mature |
| haemonchus contortus: infective stage | L3 |
| haemonchus contortus: ppp | 15-21 days |
| haemonchus contortus: hypobiosis? | to avoid desiccation or low temps; L4 |
| haemonchus contortus: disease - anemia | initially: normochromic, normocytic; later: hypochromic, macrocytic; becomes: hypochromic, microcytic w/iron loss |
| haemonchus contortus: disease - serum protein loss | sings in order are: anemia, ascites, bottle jaw, anorexia, loss of body fat, wool break - lowered wool production |
| haemonchus contortus: disease syndromes | per-acute (rapid onset, fluid accumulation, drowning); acute (anemia, bottle jaw, soft stool); chronic (iron deficiency anemia, lowered wool production) |
| haemonchus contortus: Tx/control | resistant to all classes of anthelmintics; use tactical/targeted use of anthelmintics + pasture management + genetically resistant hosts |
| ostertagia, teladorsaiga: sf | trichostrongyloidea |
| ostertagia, teladorsaiga: repro product passed in feces | segmented eggs |
| ostertagia ostertagi: host | cattle |
| most important pathogen of cattle in temperate zones of the world? | ostertagia ostertagi |
| ostertagia ostertagi: ages affected | all ages; young more susceptible |
| ostertagia ostertagi: disease assoc w/what? | intensive pasture production |
| ostertagia ostertagi: lc d/i | direct |
| ostertagia ostertagi: lc | segmented eggs passed, devel to L1, hatch, L3ingested, exsheath in rumen, enter gastric glands (abomasum), molt, young adults mature in lumen of abomasum |
| ostertagia ostertagi: infective stage | L3 |
| ostertagia ostertagi: ppp | 10-14 days |
| ostertagiosis: cause? | abomasal damage caused by maturing worms emerging from abomasal glands |
| ostertagiosis: two disease types | I: summer/autumn (N), aut/winter (S), emergence of parasite from gastric glands 10-14d after ingestion of L3; II: wi/sp (N), au(S), simultaneous emergence of previously arrested larvae |
| ostertagiosis: pathology | structural/physiological changes in abomasum; specialized cells fo gastric glands degenerate/replaced by cuboidal mucus-secreting cells = lowered HCl & pepsinogen production = inc pH = diarrhea, sloughed mucosa, bacterial invasion |
| ostertagiosis: clinical manifestations of type I | overstocking especially young cattle; failure to gain weight, anorexia; diarrhea - dark green feces; dehydration |
| ostertagiosis: clinical manifestations of pre-type II | potential disease; increase in numbers of larvae as they accumulate w/in gastric glands; no changes in activity of stomach |
| ostertagiosis: clinical manifestations of type II | severe emaciation; brown to green diarrhea; edema; death 1-2 weeks in most severe cases; abomasum becomes edematous w/hypertrophy of gastric mucosa |
| ostertagiosis: tx/control | treat to remove hypobiotic larvae &/or the use of anthelmintics which have residual effect so that incoming larvae are destroyed before they can establish |
| ostertagiosis: immune response | must be exposed over time to stimulate protective immune response; worms have capacity to reduce immune competence of host; if cattle are not exposed /min exposed, they remain susceptible |
| teladorsaiga (ostertagia) circumcincta: host | sheep, goats |
| teladorsaiga (ostertagia) circumcincta: climate | cool, moist climates |
| teladorsaiga (ostertagia) circumcincta: disease | similar to that seen in cattle |
| teladorsaiga (ostertagia) circumcincta: importance in TX | pales in comparison to Trichostrongylus colubriformis or Haemonchus contortus |
| ostertaginae of white tailed deer | ostertagia, mazamastrongylus (apteragia) |
| ostertaginae of exotic deer | spiculopteragia |
| ostertaginae of llamas, camels, antelop | camelostrongylus mentulatus |
| ostertaginae of exotic antelop | longistrongylus curvispiculum |
| ostertaginae of sheep | marshallagia, teladorsaiga |
| trichostrongylus axei: sf | trichostrongyloidea |
| trichostrongylus axei: common name | hair worm |
| trichostrongylus axei: host | ruminants, horses, swine |
| trichostrongylus axei: repro product passed in fecels | segmented eggs |
| trichostrongylus axei: clinical signs | gastroenteritis, weight loss, inappetence |
| trichostrongylus axei: ppp | 2-3 wks |
| trichostrongylus axei: relation to other parasites | seldom primary pathogen; contributes to parasitic gastroenteritis; often accompanies ostertagia, controlled when ostertagia is controlled |
| trichostrongylus axei: location in host | abomasum |
| trichostrongylus colubriformis: location in host | small intestine |
| trichostrongylus colubriformis: sf | trichostrongyloidea |
| trichostrongylus colubriformis: common name | black scour worm, bankrupt worm |
| trichostrongylus colubriformis: repro product passed in feces | segmented eggs |
| most important species of trichostrongylus genus in TX | T. colubriformis - causes black scours in goats |
| trichostrongylus colubriformis: hosts & clinical disease | sheep, goats, llamas, exotic ruminants; anorexia, abdominal pain, progressive weakness, diarrhea, infected hosts req're twice the feed to gain comparable weights |
| trichostrongylus colubriformis: clinical symptom in lambs | osteodystrophy - interfere w/calcium, phosphorous, vitamin A absorption |
| trichostrongylus colubriformis: when are they active in texas | winter/spring; can survive summers in pastures |
| most ec important parasites of sm ruminants in northern US or winter rainfall areas | trichostrongylus colubriformis, T. circumcincta complex |
| cooperia: sf | trichostrongyloidea |
| cooperia: where is it found in host | small intestine |
| cooperia: repro product passed in feces | segmented eggs |
| most prevalent nematode of young texas cattle | cooperia |
| warm season cooperia of cattle | C. pectinata, C. punctata |
| cool season cooperia of cattle | Cooperia onchophora |
| cooperia: sheep sp? | C. curticei |
| cooperia: tx/control | as calves mature, cooperia diappears; macrolides not effective against cooperia punctata so in light stockers/dairy calves other anthelmintics may be preferable |
| nematodirus: place in host | small intestine |
| nematodirus: sf | trichostrongyloidea |
| nematodirus: common name | twisted wire worm |
| nematodirus: when does egg hatch? | when L3 is present in egg |
| nematodirus: repro product passed | football-shaped egg containing 8 cells |
| nematodirus helvetianus: host | cattle |
| nematodirus helvetianus: prevalence | increasing in prevalence as more ranchers use avermectins & milbemycins for tx; these drugs are effective against abomasal parasites but less effective for other genera, may not work on this parasite |
| measure of parasitism in ruminant hosts: what effects egg count? | seasonal variance; grazing density/history; age group involved; worm burden; parasite sp (patency, fecundity); host sp (more valuable in sheep & goats - direct relationship btwn egg ct & important worms); test used |
| measure of parasitism in ruminant hosts: different egg count tests? | mcmaster's egg/gram: less sensitive, use in sm ruminants; wisconsin dbl centrifugal sugar floatation: more sensitive, eval low egg cts, cattle; blood/serum constituents (serum protein/pepsinogen/gastrin, PCV, Hb) |
| measure of parasitism in ruminant hosts: postmortem | gastric & intestinal contents; req's washing mucosa, microsopic eval |
| management practices: what strategies select for resistance? | deworm ewes at or before lambing; after worming move to clean pastures; deworm strategically |
| management practices: what strategies don't select for resistance? | deworm just sick indiv during grazing season; deworm tactically; annual rotation of class of dewormers; dewrom fewest times necessary; deworm young/stressed groups |
| importance of evaluating anthelmintics? | essential for sm ruminants, not for cattle; little evidence of resistance in cow-calf populations, can occur in stocker or replacement dairy calves; in vitro tests (egg hatch/devel) may predict resistance before seen by other methods |
| small intestine: list genera not assoc w/parasitic gastroenteritis disease complex | bunostomum, strongyloides, toxocara, moniezia, giardia, cryptosporidium |
| small intestine: list genera assoc w/parasitic gastroenteritis disease complex | trichostrongyloylus, cooperia, nematodirus |
| bunostomum: location in host | small intestine |
| bunostomum: sf | ancyclostomatoidea |
| bunostomum: common name | hookworm |
| bunostomum phelbotomum: host | cattle |
| bunostomum trigonocephalum: host | sheep |
| bunostomum: repro product passed in feces | segmented eggs (strongyle-type) |
| bunostomum: lc d/i | direct |
| bunostomum: lc | seg eggs passed, hatch, L3 infect via skin penetration/ingestion; lymphatic-lung migration, return to SI |
| bunostomum: pathogenesis | lung lesions; severe anemia; black tarry feces; onset of disease rapid |
| bunostomum: tx/control | broad spectrum anthelmintics; sanitation, dry bed grounds; rapid immunity to reinfection established |
| strongyloides papillosus: location in host | small intestine |
| strongyloides papillosus: sf | rhabditoidea |
| strongyloides papillosus: common name | hair worm |
| strongyloides papillosus: hsots | young sheep, goats, cattle |
| strongyloides papillosus: parasitism | alternate free-living & parasitic generations; only females parasitic |
| strongyloides papillosus: repro product passed in feces | larvated eggs |
| strongyloides papillosus: lc d/i | direct |
| strongyloides papillosus: lc | larvated eggs hatch, devel to free-living OR L3 - transmamm, skin pen, oral inf |
| strongyloides papillosus: LC after transmammary infection | direct to small intestine |
| strongyloides papillosus: lc after inf to naive host from env't | skin/mucus membrane tracheal migration; coughed up, swallowed, est in SI |
| strongyloides papillosus: lc after inf to resistant host | skin/mucus membrane-aortic migration; L3 remain in tissues until lactation - transmitted to offspring |
| strongyloides papillosus: where do free-living worms live | moist env'ts w/high levels organic material |
| strongyloides papillosus: pathogenesis | no disease usually assoc; occ loose feces; dermatitis; rapid death in a few calves housed on saw dust if millions of worms |
| strongyloides papillosus: what age is infected | young; first parasite egg passed by young animal |
| toxocara vitulorum: location in host | small intestine |
| toxocara vitulorum: SF | ascaroidea |
| toxocara vitulorum: repro product passed in feces | single-celled eggs |
| toxocara vitulorum: host | cattle, buffalo, bison |
| toxocara vitulorum: LC d/i | direct |
| toxocara vitulorum: lc | single-celled egg passed, req're 3 wks to become infective L2, ing, hatch, somatic migration; transmamm trans, develop in gut of calf |
| toxocara vitulorum: ppp | 1 mo |
| toxocara vitulorum: pathogenesis | calves spontaneously lose infection by 6 months of age; diarrhea, emaciation, obstruction, death, usually no clinical signs |
| moniezia: location in host | SI |
| moniezia: family | anophlocephalidae (cestdode) |
| moniezia: common name | broad/common tapeworm |
| moniezia expansa: host | sheep, goat |
| moniezia benedeni: host | cow |
| moniezia: lc d/i | indirect |
| moniezia: IH | oribatid mites |
| moniezia: stage in IH | cysticercoid in mite; DH ingests mite during grazing |
| moniezia: ppp | 6 wks |
| moniezia: repro product | eggs containing hexacanth embryo |
| moniezia: pathogenicity | ocmon in young; no disease; assoc w/diarrhea in kids/lambs; poss relationship with enterotoxemia in lambs; overeating disease, pulpy kidney; may enable clostridium perfringens to proliferate; has been blamed for many conditions w/o data to support |
| moniezia: tx | none recommended, except for esthetic purposes; owner benefits more from Tx than livestock; keep young susceptible animals out of pastures |
| giardia intestinalis: phylum | retortamonada |
| giardia intestinalis: location in host | SI |
| giardia intestinalis: zoonotic? | some strains may infect humans, others do not |
| cryptosporidium: phylum | apicomplexa |
| cryptosporidium: repro product passed in feces | sporulated oocysts |
| cryptosporidium parvum: what age is most susceptible | very young animals (neonates) |
| cryptosporidium parvum: hosts | dairy calves, lambs, kids, humans; zoonotic!!; assoc w/crowded conditions in first few wks of life |
| cryptosporidium parvum: where are they found in hsot | brush border of epith cells of gut (primarily ileum) & resp tract |
| cryptosporidium parvum: lc d/i | direct |
| cryptosporidium parvum: lc | sporozoite attaches to microvillus surface of epith cell - meront - merozoites - micro/macrogametes - syngamy - zygote - sporulate, 4 sporozoites |
| cryptosporidium parvum: ppp | 1-5 days |
| cryptosporidium parvum: autoinfection? | some oocysts may release sporozoites w/in gut of host; lc continued w/o devel stage outside body |
| cryptosporidium parvum: disease | microvilli mechanically distrupted; causes malabsorption, diarrhea; self-limiting infection |
| cryptosporidium parvum: tx | fluids, rest |
| cryptosporidium andersoni: host | cattle (older than with cryptosporidium parvum); has been assoc w/unthrify feedlot animals |
| cryptosporidium andersoni: location in host | abomasum |
| large intestine: list genera found within | oesophagostomum, chabertia, trichuris, trichomonas, ciliates, eimeria |
| oesophagostomum: locatino in host | large intestine |
| oesophagostomum: sf | strongyloidea |
| oesophagostomum: common name | nodular worm |
| oesophagostomum radiatum: host | cattle |
| oesophagostomum columbianum: host | sheep, goats |
| oesophagostomum venulosum: host | sheep, goats |
| oesophagostomum: repro product passed | segmented eggs |
| oesophagostomum: commercial importance | economic loss - sausage casings (loss o fintestine) |
| oesophagostomum: lc d/i | direct |
| oesophagostomum: lc | seg eggs passed, L1 develops/hatches; L3 - skin penetration, ingestion; penetrate intestinal wall into mucosa, molt to L4, nodules formed, emerge 7-10 days |
| oesophagostomum: ppp | 4-5 mo's |
| oesophagostomum: pathogenesis | diarrhea when larvae leave gut wall; nodules (may calcify; green pus) |
| oesophagostomum: control | anthelmintics; sheep/cattle gain immunity, only a few adult worms are able to survive; disease req's large #s larvae |
| chabertia ovina: location in host | large intestine |
| chabertia ovina: sf | strongyloidea |
| chabertia ovina: common name | large-mouthed bowel worm |
| chabertia ovina: repro product passed | segmented eggs |
| chabertia ovina: lc d/i | direct |
| chabertia ovina: migration | mucosal |
| chabertia ovina: ppp | 9 weeks |
| chabertia ovina: pathogenesis | adults plug feeders, enteritis; larvae suck blood, resulting in anemia |
| trichuris: location in host | large intestine |
| trichuris: sf | trichuroidea |
| trichuris: common name | whipworm |
| trichuris: repro product | single-celled barel-shaped; bipolar plugs |
| trichuris ovis: host? location? | sheep, goats, other ruminants (llama, camels, exotic antelope); cecum, upper colon |
| trichuris discolor: host? location? | cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo; cecum |
| trichuris globulosa: host? location? | cattle, sheep, camel, exotic antelope; cecum |
| trichuris: lc d/i | direct |
| trichuris: lc | pass single-celled egg, ing L1 egg |
| trichuris: infective stage | L1 egg |
| trichuris: ppp | 7-9 wks |
| trichuris: pathogenicity | usually not pathogen |
| trichomonas: phylum | excavata? (protozoa) |
| pentatrichomonas hominis: host | cattle |
| pentatrichomonas hominis: location in host | rumen, cecum, colon |
| pentatrichomonas hominis: pathogenicity | nonpathogenic |
| buxtonella: phylum | ciliophora (ciliates) |
| buxtonella: pathogenicity | nonpathogenic |
| buxtonella: location in host | large ingestine |
| eimeria: phylum | apicomplexa (coccidia) |
| eimeria: host specificity? | very host specific |
| eimeria: repro product passed in feces | unsporulated oocysts |
| eimeria: disease | in young animals <6 mo's, due to crowded conditions (feedlot), stress factors; immunity established early & maintained by repeated infection |
| eimeria: cattle spp | E. zuernii, E. bovis, E. alabamensis, E. auburnensis, E. ellipsoidalis |
| eimeria: most important sp in bovine feed lot | eimeria zuernii |
| eimeria zuernii: common what time of year | winter |
| eimeria zuernii: clinical signs | dystentery, tenesmus, weakness, anemia; CNS disturbance: cerebral or nervous coccidiosis; electrolyte imbalance though to cause swelling of brain |
| eimeria: which cattle sp is generally non-pathogenic? | E. alabamensis, E. ellipsoidalis |
| eimeria: 8 spp of major interest in small ruminants | E. ahsata, intricate, ovinoidalis, parva, gilruthi, ninakohlyakimovae, ariongi, macusaniensis |
| eimeria: 5 spp of interest for sheep | ahsata, intricate, ovinoidalis, parva, gilruthi |
| eimeria: 4 spp of interest for goats | gilruthi, ninakohlyakimovae, ariongi |
| eimeria: general clinical signs | diarrhea, dysentery, weight loss |
| eimeria: which sp is most important in feedlots for sheep? | E. ovinoidalis |
| eimeria: which small ruminant spp are non-pathogenic | parva, gilruthi |
| eimeria: which sp causes death in sm ruminants | e. ahsata |
| eimeria: which sp is important in feedlots for goats? | e. arlongi; also asoc w/shearing/weaning of angora goats |
| most pathogenic of cameloid's coccidi? | eimeria macusaniensis - hypoproteinemia w/o common clinical sign of infection |
| genera in liver & bile ducts? | fasciola, fascioloides, dicrocoelium, thysanosoma |
| fasciola: DH | cow, sheep, goat, pig, horse, rabbit, human, rodents, marsupials |
| fasciola gigantica: where is it foudn in host? | bile ducts; tropical areas of the world |
| fasciola hepatica: where does it live in host | bile ducts |
| fasciola hepatica: LC | egg - miracidium - sporocyst - redia - cercaria - metacercaria - mature in bile ducts |
| fasciola hepatica: ppp | 12-14 wks in cattle; 10-12 in sheep |
| acute fascioliosis | sheep, llamas; immature flukes invade liver tissue; can cause death; hemorrhagic tracts w/cellular damage & formation of scar tissue; eggs won't be in feces yet - post mortem Dx |
| black disease | sheep, cattle; assoc w/Clostridium novyi; sudden death; putrefaction of carcass, engorgement of SQ vessels; fluid in peritoneal cavity, damaged liver; disease due to migrating f. hepatica larvae |
| red water / bacillary hemaglobinuria | cattle; Clostridium haemolyticum; acute death - hemaglobinuria, brisket edema, dyspnea, death; liver infarct w/local necrosis |
| chronic fascioliosis | 3-4 mo's PI; biliary fibrosis; anemia, jaundice, bottle jaw, ill thrift, diarrhea; cattle - condemned liver, may delay puberty / decr spermatogenesis; sheep/goat/llama - death, ill thrift |
| fasciola hepatica: tx/control | anthelmintics only effective against adult flukes; control snails/habitats; strategic use of anthelmintics - sept/nov remove adults from cattle; avoid contaminated pastures in winter/spring |
| fasciola hepatica: immunity | increased fibrous CT in liver & early expulsion of adult flukes from adult cattle; acquired immunity in cattle, not sheep |
| fascioloides magna: common name | giant deer fluke |
| fascioloides magna: where are they found in host | capsules in liver parenchyma |
| fascioloides magna: ppp | 5 months |
| fascioloides magna: infection in cattle/moose | thick encapsulations, lack connecting channels to bile ducts; eggs trapped, non-patent infection; black pigment, large cavities in liver parenchyma; in cavities in lung, uterus; bacillary hemoglobinuria |
| fascioloides magna: infection in sheep/goat/llama | wanders in liver, severe tissue damage; non-patent infection |
| fascioloides magna: infection in deer | biliary cirrhosis |
| dicrocoelium dendriticum: family | dicrocoeliidae |
| dicrocoelium dendriticum: class | trematode |
| dicrocoelium dendriticum: location in host | bile ducts |
| dicrocoelium dendriticum: IH | land snail (cionella), ant (formica) |
| dicrocoelium dendriticum: LC d/i | indirect |
| dicrocoelium dendriticum: LC | egg contain miracidium, ing by land snail - sporocyst - cercaria - ejected in slime (pulmonary exudate) - ing by ant - metacercaria - ing by DH - metacercaria ascend bile ducts |
| dicrocoelium dendriticum: ppp | 10 wks |
| dicrocoelium dendriticum: pathogenesis | fibroblastic proliferation of small bile duct, portal veins, brr of hepatic a; usually no clinical sig |
| dicrocoelium dendriticum: immunity | none |
| dicrocoelium dendriticum: importance | ec loss - condemnation of livers; may be assoc w/black disease |
| dicrocoelium dendriticum: control | chickens!! eat snails |
| thysanosoma actinoides: common name | fringed tapeworm |
| thysanosoma actinoides: class/order/family | cestoda / cyclophyllidea / thysanosomidae |
| thysanosoma actinoides: DH | sheep, other ruminants; NOT cattle |
| thysanosoma actinoides: IH | psocids (book lice) |
| thysanosoma actinoides: location in host | liver (esp common bile duct) |
| thysanosoma actinoides: pathogenesis | fibroblastic proliferation of bile dects, portal vv, brr of hepatic a; no clinical sig |
| thysanosoma actinoides: immunity | none |
| thysanosoma actinoides: LC | cysticercoid in IH, sheep ingest IH, adult tapeworm in duodenum near bile ducts / within bile dicts |
| thysanosoma actinoides: importance | liver condemnation; no disease; indirectly assoc w/Kline grass toxicity |
| list genera in abdominal cavity | setaria, taenia, echinococcus |
| setaria labiatopapillosa: st | filarioidea |
| setaria labiatopapillosa: location in host | abdominal cavity |
| setaria labiatopapillosa: IH | mosquitoes |
| setaria labiatopapillosa: Dh | cattle worldwide; sheep/goats in mid east |
| setaria labiatopapillosa: ppp | 8-10 mo's |
| setaria labiatopapillosa: infective stage | L3 |
| setaria labiatopapillosa: pathogenicicy | none unless aberrant (eye); assoc btwn dead adult worms in inguinal canal & bull infertility; mid east - commonly aberrant in spinal canal = lumbar paralysis |
| setaria labiatopapillosa: control | mosquito control |
| taenia hydatigena: order/family | cyclophyllidea / taeniidae |
| taenia hydatigena: larvae are called what? | cysticercus tenuicollis |
| taenia hydatigena: where are they found in host | attached to serosal surface of liver or other organs in abdominal cavity |
| taenia hydatigena: host | DH - canids; IH - sheep, cattle, pig, goat |
| taenia hydatigena: lc | eggs shed in dog feces, IH ingests eggs, onchospheres (hexacanth embryo) carried to liver via portal system, embryos break out of BV & wander in parenchyma, attach to peritoneum, omentum, mesentery; DH ingests IH |
| taenia hydatigena: pathogenesis | liver damage hemorrhagic tracts; hepatosis cysticercosis may resemble acute fascioliosis; black disease |
| echinococcus granulosus: order / family | cyclophyllidea / taeniidae |
| echinococcus granulosus: disease caused | hydatid disease (in IH) |
| echinococcus granulosus: IH | ruminants, swine, macropods, equids, humans; only become infected by ingesting eggs passed by canids |
| echinococcus granulosus: DH | canids; become infected by ingesting hydatid cyst in raw offal of IH; only in SI |
| echinococcus granulosus: zoonotic? | yes; espeically Artiodactyla strain |
| echinococcus granulosus: describe hydatid cyst | fluid filled, thick walled, opaque cyst w/germinal membrane; brood capsules, & daughter cysts develop from germinal membrane each contains numerous scolices; hydatid sand = free scolices in cyst fluid; mostly in liver & lungs |
| echinococcus granulosus: LC | proglottids passed in dog feces, eggs released; IH ingests embryophore,hexacanth embryo carried to tissues; dog ingests cyst |
| echinococcus granulosus: public health significance | serious pathogen in man - man ingests eggs |
| list genera in respiratory system | dictyocaulus, protostrongylus, muellerius, mammomonogamus, oestrus, cephenemyia |
| dictyocaulus: location in host | respiratory system |
| echinococcus granulosus: zoonotic? | yes; espeically Artiodactyla strain |
| dictyocaulus: common name | lung worms |
| echinococcus granulosus: describe hydatid cyst | fluid filled, thick walled, opaque cyst w/germinal membrane; brood capsules, & daughter cysts develop from germinal membrane each contains numerous scolices; hydatid sand = free scolices in cyst fluid; mostly in liver & lungs |
| dictyocaulus: repro product passed in feces | L1 larvae |
| echinococcus granulosus: LC | proglottids passed in dog feces, eggs released; IH ingests embryophore,hexacanth embryo carried to tissues; dog ingests cyst |
| dictyocaulus: repro product passed by female | larvated eggs; hatch in respiratory or GIT |
| echinococcus granulosus: public health significance | serious pathogen in man - man ingests eggs |
| dictyocaulus viviparous: host | cattle, deer |
| list genera in respiratory system | dictyocaulus, protostrongylus, muellerius, mammomonogamus, oestrus, cephenemyia |
| dictyocaulus viviparous: LC d/i | direct |
| dictyocaulus: location in host | respiratory system |
| dictyocaulus viviparous: LC | larvated eggs passed in air passages, coughed up, swallowed; hatch in GIT, L1 passed in feces, L3 move onto fungus, spreads L3, ingested, lymphatic-tracheal migration -> lung |
| dictyocaulus: sf | trichostrongyloidea |
| dictyocaulus viviparous: ppp | 21 days |
| dictyocaulus: common name | lung worms |
| dictyocaulus viviparous: pathogenesis | |
| dictyocaulus: repro product passed in feces | L1 larvae |
| dictyocaulus: repro product passed by female | larvated eggs; hatch in respiratory or GIT |
| dictyocaulus viviparous: host | cattle, deer |
| dictyocaulus viviparous: LC d/i | direct |
| dictyocaulus viviparous: LC | larvated eggs passed in air passages, coughed up, swallowed; hatch in GIT, L1 passed in feces, L3 move onto fungus, spreads L3, ingested, lymphatic-tracheal migration -> lung |
| dictyocaulus viviparous: ppp | 21 days |
| dictyocaulus viviparous: pathogenesis | little damage assoc w/penetration of gut; eosinophilic exudate blocks small bronchi, collapse alveoli; granuloma; secondary bacterial pneumonia; edema, emphysema; increased respiratory rates, coughing |
| dictyocaulus viviparous: clinical signs - acute | verminous pneumonia, high temp, high HR/RR; coughing, cyanosis, nasal d/c; death |
| dictyocaulus viviparous: clinical signs - chronic | weight loss; coughing; slow recovery, may have permanent damage; strong resistance for 3 months, then wanes; most return to normal respiratory function |
| dictyocaulus viviparous: contorl | prb in groups of calves running together; single suckled calves usually develop immunity before they are challenged w/sufficient #s to cause disease; rotate pasture w/calves using pasture before cows; weekly rotation to parasite-free pasture |
| dictyocaulus filaria: host | sheep |
| dictyocaulus filaria: location in host | bronchi, bronchioles, trachea |
| protostrongylus rufescens: location in host | respiratory system; small bronchioles & alveoli |
| protostrongylus rufescens: sf | metastrongyloidea |
| protostrongylus rufescens: common name | lungworm |
| protostrongylus rufescens: repro product passed by female | larvated eggs |
| protostrongylus rufescens: repro product passed in feces | L1 larvae w/kinked tail |
| protostrongylus rufescens: host | DH: sheep/goat; IH: land snails, slugs |
| protostrongylus rufescens: lc d/i | indirect |
| protostrongylus rufescens: LC | hatcehd larvae coughed, swallowed, L1 passed -> snail -> L3 in IH -> sheep ingest IH -> lymphatic migration -> lungs, molt in mesenteric LNN & lungs |
| protostrongylus rufescens: ppp | 5-6 wks |
| protostrongylus rufescens: pathogenicity | usually nonpathogenic; cause of death of lambs, esp in areas where sheep & bighorns utilize same range |
| mullerius capillaris: location in host | respiratory system: terminal bronchioles & alveoli |
| mullerius capillaris: sf | metastrongyloidea |
| mullerius capillaris: common name | lungworm |
| mullerius capillaris: repro product passed by female | unsegmented eggs |
| mullerius capillaris: host | DH: sheep, goats; IH: land snails, slugs |
| mullerius capillaris: lc d/i | indirect; similar to protostongylus |
| mullerius capillaris: pathogenicity | host reaction causes worms to be enclosed in fibrous nodules; common infection; diesase not diagnosed |
| mammomonogamus laryngeus: location in host | respiratory tract (larynx) |
| mammomonogamus laryngeus: sf | strongyloidea |
| mammomonogamus laryngeus: host | cattle, buffalo |
| mammomonogamus laryngeus: geogrpahy | africa, asia, tropical america |
| mammomonogamus laryngeus: pathogenesis | blood suckers; apparently none even when present in large numbers |
| oestrus ovis: location in host | nasal caity, sinuses |
| oestrus ovis: class/order/family | insecta / diptera / oestridae |
| oestrus ovis: common name | nasal bot; sheep bot fly |
| oestrus ovis: host | sheep, goats |
| oestrus ovis: zoonosis? | in humans - ocular myiases |
| oestrus ovis: lc | adults don't feed; larviposit near nasal cavity, larva crawl to sinuses, develop, feed on mucous secretions; mature larvae expelled from nose, pupate on ground |
| oestrus ovis: times of year active | srping through fall |
| oestrus ovis: pathogenicity | irritate nasal & sinus mucosa causing mucopurulent d/c sometimes w/blood; osteomyelitis assoc w/dead bots can lead to memingoencephalitis -> death; hosts don't feed when flies larviposit, lie in shade w/noses on ground |
| oestrus ovis: control | noxious substances have been used to repel flies / kill bots; most harder on host than the parasite |
| cephenemyia: location in host | nostrils |
| cephenemyia: class/order/fmaily | insecta / diptera / oestidae |
| cephenemyia: common name | nasal, pharyngeal, head, throat bots |
| cephenemyia: host | deer |
| cephenemyia: LC | larviposit in nostrils; larvae develop in nasal cavity then move to pharyngeal pouches; sneezed out 3rd instar; pupate in soil |
| cephenemyia: pathology | little evidence of physiological damage; frightens hunters that are certain the bots come from the meat |
| list genera in the cardiovascular system | trypanosoma, babesia, theileria |
| trypanosoma: locatino in host | cardiovasc system |
| trypanosoma: phylum | euglenozoa |
| trypanosoma: d/i lc | indirect |
| trypanosoma: which spp are salivarian trypanosomes?characteristics? | vivax, congolense, brucei brucei; all are pathogenic |
| trypanosoma, salivarian types: biological vector | tsetse fly (inoculative transmission) |
| trypanosoma, salivarian types: immune evasion mechanism | varied specific antigenic surface coat production |
| trypanosoma vivax: biological vector? mechanical vector? | bio - tsetse fly; mech - horse fly |
| trypanosoma vivax: hosts | cattle, sheep, goats |
| trypanosoma vivax: clinical effect to host | fever, anemia, emaciation, weakness; may be found in lymph nodes as well as cardiovasc system |
| trypanosoma congolense: vector? | tsetse fly only vector |
| trypanosoma congolense: clinical disease | rapid disease, febrile spike, anemia, wasting, most die |
| trypanosoma brucei brucei: vector? | only vector tse tse fly |
| trypanosoma brucei brucei: host | cattle sheep, goats, horses, camel, cats, dogs; other subspp infect man |
| trypanosoma brucei brucei: clinical effect | remittent fever, anemia, edematous swelling of abdomen, legs, genitalia, emaciated, muscular atrophy, lumbar paralysis |
| trypanosoma: which spp are stercorarian? characteristics? | trypanosoma theileri; non-pathogenic |
| trypanosoma, stercorarian types: where do they develop | develop in hind gut of vector |
| trypanosoma, stercorarian types: how are they transmitted? | fecal contamination of wounds, or mucous membranes or ingestion of infected vector |
| trypanosoma theileri: host? | cattle |
| trypanosoma theileri: pathogenicity | non-pathogenic |
| trypanosoma theileri: vector | horsefly; accidental ingestion; biological vector |
| trypanosoma theileri: stage infective to cow | metacyclic stage (in horsefly gut) |
| babesia: phylum | apicomplexa |
| babesia: location in host | cardiovascular system |
| babesia: stage in vertebrate host? | piroplasms in RBC |
| babesia: clincal effects | anemia, hemoglobinemia |
| babesia bigemina: large or small sp? | large |
| babesia bigemina: vector | rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus (one host tick) |
| babesia bovis: clinical effects | anemia, hemaglobinuria, CNS disease |
| babesia bovis: vector | boophilus microplus |
| babesia in cattle: transovarial or transstadial trans | transovarial |
| theileria: phylum | apicomplexa |
| theileria: stages in vertebrate host | merogony in lymphocytes; piroplasms in RBC (early gamonts) (no replication in RBC, piroplasms don't destroy RBC)`` |
| theileria: vector | tick: gamonts mature & undergo syngamy in tick intestines, sporogony occurs in salivary glands |
| theileria parva: disease? | east coast fever - lymphoid hyperplasia; extremely pathogenic - mortality near 100% in cattle |
| theileria parva: hosts | cattle, cape buffalo |
| theileria annulata: disease | tropical theileriosis; extremely pathogenic |
| theileria annulata: hosts | cattle, water buffalo |
| theileria cervi: pathogenesis | non-virulent piroplasms of white tailed deer; anemia, ill thrift |
| theileria cervi: host | white-tailed deer |
| theileria cervi: vector | amblyomma americana |
| list genera in nervous system | thelazia, parelaphostrongylus, taenia (coenurus) |
| thelazia: location in host | nervous system; conjunctival sac behind nictating membrane |
| thelazia: sf | spiruroidea |
| thelazia: IH | diptera of genera fannia, musca |
| thelazia californiensis: host | sheep, deer |
| thelazia gulosa: host | cattle |
| thelazia skrjabini: host | cattle |
| thelazia: LC | L1 larva passed in lacrymal secretions/feces, flies ingest, devel to L3 in IH, escapes when IH feeds -> orbit of eye, develop to adult |
| thelazia: infective stage | L3 |
| thelazia: ppp | 3-6 weeks |
| thelazia: pathogenesis | keratitis |
| thelazia: control/tx | surgical removal; fly control |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: location in host | nervous system; venous sinuses of meninges of white-tailed deer |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: sf | metastrongyloidea |
| thelazia: repro product produced by female | L1 |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: repro product passed by female | eggs; hatch in host |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: repro product passed in feces | L1 |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: host | DH: white tailed deer; IH: land snails, slugs |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: LC d/i | indirect |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: lc | eggs passed from sinuses to lungs, hatch, coughed up, swallow, passed in feces, penetrate snail; develop to L3, ing by deer; migrate to spinal canal - brain - meninges |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: ppp | 3 months |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: pathology | no clinical signs in deer; fatal in other spp (neurological damage) |
| taenia: location in host | nervous system |
| taenia : taxonomy | cestode / cyclophyllidea / taeniidae |
| taenia multiceps: what are larvae called? | coneurus cerebralis; translucent fluid-filled cyst w/multiple protoscolices |
| taenia multiceps: host | DH: canids; IH: sheep - coenurus in CNS |
| taenia multiceps: LC | eggs shed in dog feces, ing by sheep, hatch in SI, onchosphere penetrates gut wall & enters portal system; those carried to CNS grow; dog ing coenurus |
| taenia multiceps: pathogenesis | coenurus grows -> pressure on CNS |
| list genera in musculoskeletal system | taenia (cysticercus), sarcocystis |
| taenia saginata: location in host | muscles of cattle (IH) |
| taenia saginata: what are larvae called | cysticercus bovis |
| taenia saginata: describe cysticercus | small fluid-filled sac-like structure w/single protoscolex |
| taenia saginata: public health | human DH; adult in human SI |
| taenia saginata: importance in IH | reason for condemnation of carcasses -> economic loss |
| taenia saginata: IH | cattle |
| taenia ovis: name of larva | cysticercus ovis |
| taenia ovis: host | DH dog; IH sheep (muscles) |
| taenia ovis: location in IH | muscles |
| taenia ovis: importance | condemnation of carcass for aesthetic reasons; no pathegenicity |
| sarcocystis: phylum | apicomplexa |
| sarcocystis: location in host | musculoskeletal |
| sarcocystis: lc d/i | indirect; predator/prey |
| sarcocystis: host | DH predator (man, carnivore); IH prey (cattle, sheep, goat) |
| sarcocystis: importance | muscular cysts may cause condemnation of carcasses; cysts either macroscopic or have eosinophilic granuloma surrounding cyst producing greenish foci in muscle |
| sarcocystis: pathology | abortion, hair loss, weight loss, lymphadenopathy |
| list genera in the repro system | tritrichomonas, toxoplasma, sarcocystis, neospora |
| tritrichomonas foetus: location in host | repro system |
| tritrichomonas foetus: phylum | parabasalia |
| tritrichomonas foetus: disease it causes | bovine venereal trichomoniases |
| tritrichomonas foetus: clinical symptoms | early abortion in cows; infertility in bulls |
| tritrichomonas foetus: host | bovine; esp important in range cattle |
| tritrichomonas foetus: transmission | venereal (coitus OR AI) |
| tritrichomonas foetus: resistance | female: self-limiting; male: chronically infected |
| tritrichomonas foetus: control | test!; AI, separate herds until all cows originally infected are removed; use bulls 2 yrs; vaccination |
| toxoplasma gondii: location in host | repro tract |
| toxoplasma gondii: phylum | apicomplexa |
| toxoplasma gondii: host | DH cat; IH many mammals |
| toxoplasma gondii: what age is affected? | most serious pathogen in neonates; lses serious in older animals |
| toxoplasma gondii: disease in cattle | resistant to disease but may become infected; disease uncertain but rare beef may be source of infection to humans |
| toxoplasma gondii: disease in sheep/goats | abortion, neonatal death; biphasic disease, abortions during acute phase in dam; if fetuses become infected will have stillbirths, or early neonatal deaths |
| toxoplasma gondii: immunity | only primary infection results in disease; initial infection establishes solid immunity against subsequent tissue forms in immunologically normal IH's |
| toxoplasma gondii: transmission by ingestion of sporulated oocysts | sporozoites emerge & pass to parenteral tissues via blood & lymph; invade any cell by endodyogeny producing tachyzoites or bradyzoites |
| toxoplasma gondii: transmission by ingestion of tissue forms (contamination) | tachyzoites found in macrophages in LNN, lung, liver, milk, saliva, semen; probably of minimal significance in horizontal tranmission, major sig in vertical trans; spread during breeding, some horizontal spread in sheep flocks |
| toxoplasma gondii: transmission by vertical transmission | tachyzoites! transplacental &/or transmammary trans |
| toxoplasma gondii: trans by ingestion of tissue forms | transmission to humans; unpasteurized sheep/goat milk (tachyzoites) or eating insufficiently cooked tissues of cattle, sheep, goats (bradyzoites) |
| sarcocystis: how are ruminants infected? | ingesting sporulated oocysts |
| sarcocystis: effect to ruminants | abortion (#1 cause of cattle abortions in CA, important in TX) |
| neospora caninum: phylum | apicomplexa |
| neospora caninum: clinical effect | abortion; myelitis in young calves; calves may be born alive, some are dummies/neuromusc defects |
| neospora caninum: host | high prevalence of infection in beef herds |
| neospora caninum: location in host | repro system; fetus has bradyzoites in brain, tachyzoites in brain/other tissues |
| neospora caninum: LC | unspor oocyst passed in dog feces, spor oocyst infective; vert trans maintain infec (endemic), contaminated feed (placenta) (epidemic), tachyzoites reproduce & cross placenta to calf, reproduce, bradyzoites in brain, abort/CI, dog ingests, mer/gam/syngamy |
| neospora caninum: immunity | some evidence of acquired immunity; however, some cattle abort on more than one gestation |
| list genera infecting integument | elaeophora, stephanofilaria, onchocerca, dermatobia, hypoderma, various arthropods |
| elaeophora schneideri: where does it live in host | integument (microfilaria); adult in carotid artery of DH |
| elaeophora schneideri: sf | filarioidea |
| elaeophora schneideri: d/i lc | indirect |
| elaeophora schneideri: host | DH: mule deer; IH hybomitra (horse fly), family tabanidae |
| elaeophora schneideri: lc | IH ingests microfilaria, develop to L3 in horse fly, trans to DH via fly bite, mature in carotid artery |
| elaeophora schneideri: pathogenesis in mule deer, WT deer | none |
| elaeophora schneideri: pathogenesis in sheep | dermatitis of head & feet |
| stephanofilaria stilesi: locatino in host | cutaneous lymphatics on ventral abdomen of cattle |
| stephanofilaria stilesi: d/i lc | indirect |
| stephanofilaria stilesi: sf | filarioidea |
| stephanofilaria stilesi: host | DH cattle, buffalo; IH haematobia irritans (horn fly) |
| stephanofilaria stilesi: LC | microfilaria on ventrum of cow, ing by horn fly; develop to L3, fly feeds -> trans to DH, develop to maturity in skin |
| stephanofilaria stilesi: ppp | 6-8 wks |
| stephanofilaria stilesi: pathogenesis | early lesions moist, later lesions become dry & crusted; ventral midline, usually near umbilicus |
| stephanofilaria stilesi: control | horn fly control |
| onchocerca: locaton on host | epidermis (microfilaria) |
| onchocerca: sf | filarioidea |
| onchocerca: lc d/i | indirect |
| onchocerca: host | DH cattle/buffalo; IH simulium (black fly) |
| onchocerca lienalis: location in host (adults) | ligamentum nuchae, stifle joints, splenic ligament, splenic capsule |
| onchocerca gibsoni: location in host (adults) | SQ brisket & lower limbs; occ muscle |
| onchocerca armillata: location in host (adults) | aorta |
| onchocerca: lc | simulium ingest microfilaria; develop to L3, reach labia, trans to cow by feeding flies |
| onchocerca: pathogenesis | no important damage except O. gibsoni in brisket; ec loss |
| onchocerca: control | black fly control |
| hypoderma: locatoin in host | epidermis |
| hypoderma: common name | cattle grub, heel fly, cattle warble |
| hypoderma: taxonomy | order diptera / family oestridae |
| hypoderma: what stage is in cattle | larvae |
| hypoderma: lc | adults non-feeding; F attach eggs to lower legs, hatch, enter body via hair follicle, migrate to esophagus/spinal cord, develop, migrate to back, form cavities ("warble"), cut hole through skin for breathing, grub drops to ground & pupates, adult emerges |
| hypoderma: pathogenicity | cattle gad, behavioral changes; affect weight gain; ec loss of leather, excessive trimming of carcass; if treated systemically when larval stages are in esoph/spinal canal, may be rxn to dead grubs in tissues -> bloat, ataxia |
| hypoderma: when to treat? | after fly activity ceases to kill larvae after last eggs have hatched, before 1st larvae reach esophagus/spinal canal;late spring/early summer in TX |
| dermatobia hominis: location on host | integument |
| dermatobia hominis: order/fmaily | order diptera, family oestridae |
| dermatobia hominis: host | cattle - primary host; larval stage found on man, dog, cat, sheep |
| dermatobia hominis: lc | adult (non-feeding) attaches eggs on blood-sucking arthropod, hatch @ blood meal, enter vert host; warble in skin; larvae escape & pupate on ground |
| dermatobia hominis: pathology | painful lesion; secondary myiasis or bacterial infection |
| most important ectoparasites of cattle | biting flies, psoroptic mange mites, lice, ticks |
| diptera: lc | complete metamorphosis (adult - egg - larvae - pupae) |
| cochliomyia hominivorax: hosts | all livestock, petts, humans |
| cochliomyia hominivorax: where do they deposit eggs | fresh wound, larvae feed on living tissue |
| cochliomyia hominivorax: importance | reportable |
| blow flies: list 5 | cochliomyia macellaria, phaenicia sericata, phormia regina, lucilia, calliphora |
| blow flies: where do they breed | carrion, infest devitalized tissues, urine, fecal soiled wool/hair; under bandages |
| blow flies: importance | sig losses in sheep w/diarrhea or wet humid conditions -> fleece ferments due to bacterial decomposition of dirt in wool -> infestation; odor of maggot infestation is diagnostic |
| fly strike | fleece worm; pasture, feedlot or dry lot problem; prevent - heard health, sanitation, prevent diarrhea, reduce overcrowding; eliminate skin folds |
| musca domestica: mouth parts | sponging |
| musca domestica: where do they breed | horse manure, organic debris |
| musca domestica: where do they feed | eyes, genitalia, wounds |
| musca domestica: importance | ransmit fecal bacteria as fomites, salmonella; transmit moraxella bovis (keratoconjunctivitis) |
| musca domestica: where are they a large problem | milking parlors, feedlots |
| musca domestica: control | sanitation; sprays; compost feces/organic material; remove feces |
| musca autumnalis: common name | face fly |
| musca autumnalis: mouth parts | sponging |
| musca autumnalis: breeds in what? | cattle poop |
| musca autumnalis: importance | annoyance; transmit Thelazia lacrymalis, Moraxella bovis |
| stomoxys calcitrans: common name | stable fly |
| stomoxys calcitrans: where is it a problem | stall, shaded areas |
| stomoxys calcitrans: where do they breed | organic material |
| stomoxys calcitrans: mouthparts | piercing-sucking (biting) |
| stomoxys calcitrans: importance | transmit anaplasma marginale |
| haematobia irritans: common name | horn fly |
| haematobia irritans: where does it breed | cattle dung on pasture |
| haematobia irritans: mouthparts | piercing sucking |
| most ec important ectoparasite of cattle in texas | haematobia irritans: interrupt grazing |
| haematobia irritans: where do adults spend their time | on teh host; prefer bulls to cows to calves; dark to light colored hosts; not a big feedlot problem |
| haematobia irritans: importance | vector of stephanofilaria stilesi; most ec important ectoparasite of cattle in texas |
| simulium: common name | black flies; buffalo gnats |
| simulium: mouth parts | blade-like cutting mouthparts |
| simulium: where do they feed | ears; body |
| simulium: where do they breed | flowing water -> impossible to control |
| simulium: importance | salivary secretions may contain a toxin which increases capillary permeability; assoc w/death of livestock due to edema of nasal passages & suffocation |
| culicoides: common name | biting midge |
| culicoides: mouthparts | blade-like cutting / slashing mouthparts |
| culicoides: importance | seasonal dermatitis in horses; bluetongue virus vector; epizootic hemorrhagic disease of WT deer |
| culicoides: when are they active | warmer parts of year; crepuscular & nocturnal periods |
| culicoides: where do they breed | low-lying areas that periodically fill with water |
| mosquitoes: what genera? | aedes, anopheles, culex |
| mosquitoes: mouthparts | piercing-sucking |
| mosquitoes: importance | cause death due to worry, exsanguination/suffocation; vector of setaria labiatopapillosa, cache valley & WN Viruses |
| tabanids: genera | tabanus (horse fly); chrysops (deer fly); hybomitra (green head) |
| tabanids: mouthparts | slashing & sponging |
| tabanids: control | epps biting fly trap |
| tabanids: importance | mech: anaplasma marginale (cow); biological: trypanosoma theileri (cow), elaeophora schnedieri (deer, sheep) |
| melophagus ovinus: common name | sheep ked |
| melophagus ovinus: family | hippoboscidae |
| melophagus ovinus: host | nomrally host, goat reported |
| melophagus ovinus: what stages live on host | all stages |
| melophagus ovinus: feed on what? | blood |
| melophagus ovinus: importance | irritation, staining of wool -> lower wool quality; cockle = damage to hide caused by keds or lice |
| lipoptena: common name | deer ked, louse flies |
| lipoptena: what stages on host | adult; pupate on ground |
| lipoptena: feed on what? | blood of WT deer |
| what lice genera infect ruminants? | bovicola, haematopinus, linognathus, solenopotes |
| lice: lc | incomplete metamorphosis |
| lice: what stages on host | all stages |
| lice? host specificity | very host specific |
| chewing or sucking lice more important | sucking - blood loss; both can cause irritation, pruritus, loss of hair |
| lice: what time of year? | winter / cool season |
| mallophaga: type of louse | biting/chewing |
| bovicola: order? | mallophaga (biting) |
| bovicola: importance | only genus of biting lice commonly encountered in grazing domestic livestock |
| bovicola bovis: host? location on host? | cattle; top of back, base of tail, shoulders |
| bovicola caprae: host? | milk or cashmere goats |
| bovicola limbata: common name | angora goat biting louse |
| bovicola crassipes: host | angora goat; ec significant - cut hair shafts, lowers quality/quantity of mohair |
| bovicola ovis: host | sheep; shearing removes most of the lice |
| anoplura: type of louse? | sucking |
| anoplura: feed on what? | blood, lymph |
| haematopinus eurysternus: common name | short-nosed cattle louse |
| haematopinus eurysternus: host? location? | mature cattle; neck, dewlap, back, base of horns |
| haematopinus quadirpertusus: common name | cattle tail louse |
| haematopinus quadripertusus: host? location? | calves; cattle tail switch, edges of ears, eyelashes; may be summertime parasite |
| linognathus vituli: common name | long-nosed cattle louse |
| linognathus vituli: host? location? | cattle; dewlap, shoulders, sides of neck, rump |
| linognathus pedalis: common name | foot louse |
| linognathus pedalis: host? location? | feet & legs of sheep |
| linognathus ovillus: common name | face & body louse |
| linognathus ovillus: host & locatoin | sheep; areas where wool & hair meet |
| linognathus stenopsis: common name | goat sucking louse |
| linognathus stenopsis: host | goat |
| linognathus africanus: common name | blue louse |
| linognathus africanus: host? location? | goats, sheep, deer; found on head & neck of goats |
| solenopotes capillatus: common name | little blue louse |
| solenopotes capillatus: where is it found on host | found on muzzle, neck, and dewlap of cattle |
| solenopotes capillatus: host | cattle |
| fleas: order | siphonaptera |
| fleas: what groups of animals have them | yougn animals, stabled in areas frequented by dogs/cats; most likely ctenocephalides felis |
| ticks: what genera infect ruminants | amblyomma, dermacentor, ixodes, rhipicephalus, otodius megnine, ornithodoros |
| ixodidae: which stages are on host | larvae, nymph, adult on host; eggs laid in env't |
| amblyomma americanum: common name | lone star tick |
| amblyomma americanum: time of year? | warm-season |
| amblyomma americanum: one or three host | three: large grazing animals are good hosts for adult ticks |
| amblyomma maculatum: common name | gulf coast tick |
| amblyomma maculatum: one or three host | three |
| amblyomma maculatum: importance | vicious biter (ears); wounds often attract screwwroms; gotch ear |
| amblyomma canjennense: common name | cayenne tick |
| amblyomma cajennense: host | cattle, sheep, goats, deer |
| amblyomma cajennense: where do they feed on host | dewlap, udder/scrotum, axilla, escutcheon |
| amblyomma cajennense: importance | vector for heartwater (ehrlichia ruminantum) |
| amblyomma cajennense: when are they active | march-may |
| dermacentor albipictus: common name | winter tick |
| dermacentor albipictus: host | cattle, deer |
| dermacentor albipictus: one or three host | one |
| dermacentor albipictus: when are they active? | november to spring |
| dermacentor albipictus: importance | tick worry; ghost moose; vector of anaplasma marginale |
| dermacentor andersoni: common name | rocky mountain wood tick |
| dermacentor andersoni: one or three host | three |
| dermacentor andersoni: importance | tick paralysis, tick worry; anaplasma marginale (in intermoutnain region) |
| dermacentor occidentalis: common name | pacific coast tick |
| dermacentor occidentalis: one or three host | three |
| dermacentor occidentalis: what stage(s) feed(s) on grazing animals | adults |
| dermacetnor occidentalis: importance | anaplasma marginale vector |
| ixodes: one or three host | three: larvae & nymph on small animals; adults on large animals |
| ixodes scapularis: common name | black-legged tick; deer tick |
| ixodes scapularis: when are they active | winter, spring |
| ixodes scapularis: importance | vector of borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme) |
| rhipicephalus: one or three host | one |
| rhipicephalus annulatus: common name | cattle fever tick |
| rhipicephalus annulatus: host? where do they attach? | mostly cattle; axilla, udder/scrotum, tail, head, neck, escutcheon |
| rhipicephalus annulatus: importance | vector of bovine babesiosis |
| rhipicephalus microplus: common name | tropical cattle tick |
| rhipicephalus microplus: importance | vector of babesia bovis & babesia bigemina |
| argasidae: common name | soft tick |
| otobius megnini: common name | spinose ear tick |
| otobius megnini: life stages on host | larvae & nymphs - deep in ear canal; adults not parasitic |
| otobius megnini: importance | in large numbers - otitis externa/media from secondary infection; mechanical obstruction of ear canal |
| otobius megnini: hosts | ruminants, horses, pets, wild mammals (equal opportunity parasite) |
| ornithodoros coriaceus: common name | pajaroello tick |
| ornithodoros coriaceus: host | deer, cattle |
| ornithodoros coreaceus: when do they feed? | night; remain on bedding grounds; only feed intermittently at ngiht |
| ornithodoros coreaceus: importance | transmits borrelia-like organism assoc w/epizootic bovine abortion |
| mites: what genera are important to ruminants | raillietia auris, demodex, chorioptes bovis, psoroptes, sarcoptes scabiei |
| raillietia auris: host? where? | cattle; ear near tympanic membrane |
| raillietia auris: importance | has been assoc w/rare middle ear infection in young calves |
| demodex caprae: host | goat |
| demodex caprae: where on host? | body, primarily neck, thorax |
| chorioptes bovis: host? where? | cattle, sheep, goats; hind legs, scrotum, escutcheon |
| chorioptes bovis: importance | confirm that mite is chorioptes bovis, not psoroptes ovis (which is reportable & quarantinable) |
| psoroptes ovis: common name | cattle or sheep scab |
| psoroptes ovis: host? where? | cattle, sheep; body, surface feeders |
| psorotptes ovis: importance | scab formation; reportable & quarantinable; problem in cattle feedlots & populations of bighorn sheep |
| psoroptes cuniculi: host | goats, rabbits (ears) |
| sarcoptes scabiei: wehre on host? | deep burrowing mite |
| sarcoptes scabiei: host specificity | host-specific; can infest other hosts & illicit pruritic response |
| sarcoptes scabiei: importance | udder cleft dermatitis in dairy cattle; pruritus |
| general mite life cycle | egg to egg 3 wks; all stages on host; adult - egg - larva - nymph; more prevalent in cooler areas, winter |
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