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Ch. 3
ANT test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Initial Processing and Conservation | materials treated according to properties -robust materials cleaned in water -fragiles require treatment for conservation -waterlogged wood kept in water -soil cores kept in fridge to prevent decay |
| find code | written on object to link to its context |
| Visual Examination and Recording | -categorization based on physical characteristics into categories by material and typology and enumeration/counting -sometimes use SEM for detailed morphology -identification from comparative material |
| Ceramics | -important from Neolithic onwards b/c survives well -color (firing conditions/temp + slip), grain size (sand, grit, shell, bone, squartz, grog) -system of manufacture (hand,coil,wheel) -shape, thickness, diameter |
| Lithics | -stone tools, virtually indestructible -manufacture process (flaking, refitting, debitage) -surface examination and use wear -sorted by type of stone, color, and typology -Boxgrove, Olduvai, Star Carr |
| debitage | -manufacturing debris, shows production process, raw materials, tools used |
| Petrology | -geological technique for locating source of materials -thin section of stone or ceramic is cut, ground, and polished and examined by microscope, reference to geological map -microscopy -shows ancient trade routes -cheap, but destructive |
| Obsidian | volcanic glass that can be worked to produce hard, sharp edges -can provide good locality fingerprint |
| Metallography | examination of size and shape of grains of minerals in material for traces of heating, working and alloying |
| Metallurgical analysis | -remove corrosion w/ surface treatment -composition (tin in bronze) -origin for trade and contact -Gundestrup Cauldron -Late IA silver found in Denmark, lead isotopes -> Celtic France |
| Geoarchaeology | -study of preserved soils and the natural human processes which created them -chemistry of soil provides clues to vegetation, fauna and agriculture it could support |
| Zooarchaeology | -study of the remains of animals from archaeological contexts -reconstruct past environments and see what roles animals played in human economy -bones survive well in alkaline soils (sand, gravel) -waterlogged, arid, frozen = best sites |
| Post-Excavation with Bones | -identify type of bone and species of animal -assemblage: NISP, Weight, MNI |
| assemblage | Artefacts from a particular period which typically appear together. Also used to describe a collection of materials -animal bones from a site |
| Biostratigraphy | -the principle of using fossil animals to date layers ex. reindeer bones = Ice Age |
| Soft tissue human remains | -only found on sites w/ good preservation -sexing, clothing, disease, mortuary practices -coprolites in dry sites for diet and health -Inca childern, Otzi, bog bodies |
| mortuary practices | ritual activity and preparation involving the disposal of a corpse |
| Hard tissue human remains | -bone more frequently recovered -ageing and sexing, but impossible to sex children, DNA testing, physical activity -teeth + bones for disease/malnutrition, med treatment -diet from isotopic traces in bone |
| Bioarchaeology | study of skeletal remains to find out about lifestyle |
| Amesbury Archer materials | 2300BC, Stonehenge area, Wessex richest assemblage of grave goods in that period -gold, 3 copper knives, 5 beaker pots, 16 arrow pts, tools for flint knapping and metalworking, boar's tusks, stone wg, fg, golden tresses, belt ring |
| Amesbury Archer people | -man buried w/ 100+ artefacts: 5 beakers, 2 archery sets, rare metal objects; second grave w/ gold tresses in jaw -similar shaped heads and deformed heels -oxygen/strontium isotopes = Alps and s. England -carbon isotope = cereal diet |
| Fig 3.2 | material arrives, sorted/conservation, cleaning, sorted+coded/illustrated,specialists analyze/examples chosen for dating evidence, reports sent to director to compile records |
| Attributes used to sort material (Fig 3.5) | A quality of an artefact which allows it to be grouped with others, for example color and texture Form - shape/measurements Style - decorative elements Material - make-up, color, texture Manufacture - process: coiling, color from firing? |
| Fig 3.14 | profiles which plot age of animals from surviving bones against number found in each age group 1. butchery/hunting = disproportionate 2. catastrophic profile = proportionate, herd stampeding over cliff |
| Osteology | bones |
| Palaeopathology | the history of disease |
| Scientists in Post-Excavation | Geologists (geoarchaeologists ,fluvioarchaeologists) Palynologists (pollen) Osteologists (zooarchaeologists, human osteologists) |
| Archaeometry | -scientific analysis of archaeological materials -number of finds by specimen or typology -how materials were produced and used -sources of artefacts and raw materials -provision of data on local environment |
| Israel Slide | evidence that Neanderthal and Homo Sapiens coexisted and interbred |
| From Austria to Denmark | -burial cloth from a Bronze Age dated 2800 -strontium analysis shows cloth made from Austria -died on business trip and brought back |
| Stone Age | Paleolithic - ca.10-8000BCE nomadic hgs Mesolithic - ca. 8-5000BCE, transition time, hgs but some living in same area for part of yr Neolithic - ca.5-3000BCE domestication of plants/animals/farming |
| Bronze Age | 3000-600BCE -defined by use of copper and bronze (metallurgy and alloys) to make farming implements, weapons, jewelry -extensive trade, rich burials, religious and civic complexes -early writing systems |
| Iron Age | begins 600BCE -for most of Europe it ends around Roman Conquest -defined by introduction of iron metallurgy and alloy techniques -monumentality -trade -early writing systems |
| Archaeologists need to consider: | humans as cultural beings and embedded into environments -environments made up by natural phenomena and organisms -socio-cultural environment made up of other human and human groups |
| Proxy Data | observational data used as surrogates for conditions not directly observable e.g. pollen spectra interpreted in terms of climate |
| Typology | sorting out by physical characteristics -visual to microscopic to elemental |
| Ceramic Analysis Questions | How is it finished? (slipped, brushed, burnished, glazed) Decoration? Handles? Spout? Size of Neck, Mouth, Vessel? Function of Vessel? |
| Characterization studies for ceramics, lithics, metals | -reveal chemical composition (clay, temper, stone, metals) -trace source of raw materials (clay, stone, metal) -use impurities in stone/metal, trace elements and obtain chemical fingerprint |
| Scientific Analysis | 1. composition 2. structure 3. manufacturing history -petrology, spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, neutron activation analysis, chemical analysis |
| Alibates | chert/flint widely traded around US 13000yago |
| Spectrometry | -radiation to force sample to produce light -measure constituents of light through prism to understand composition -metal, glass, faience, pottery, obsidian & flint composition studies |
| X-Ray Diffraction & Fluorescence | -beam of x-rays in material then out -measure intensity of energy given off to see chemical elements -analysis of only surface composition but it is inexpensive -Amesbury Archer's gold and copper grave goods |
| Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) | -most reliable and accurate characterisation technique -tiny samples bombarded w/ neurons in reactor -elements become unstable and can measure radiation -expensive |
| Isotopic Analysis | -vary neutrons -identify which isotopes and proportions -compare ratios to known sources -diet of human populations -Amesbury Archer |
| Organic Residue Analysis | -extract organic materials from artifacts like sherds -test for sugars, lipids -compare with 'fingerprints' from known commodities (olive oil,wine,resin) -Clay cooking jar from BA Mycenae Greece contained Retsina (wine with pine resin) |
| Sutton Hoo | stains showing edges of coffins and body stains |
| Stone Analysis | identification of component materials (eye,microscope,petrography) -spectrometry -ID trade/exchange routes/sources -granite & Giza pyramids quarried upstream at Aswan and transported downriver |
| Flint Assemblages | Sort, Label, Classify, Examine, Comparing, ascertain function and chaine operatoire, interpretation |
| Use wear analysis | Using high-powered microscopes to study marks on tools and bones in order to identify the activity that caused them |
| Refitting | repair for additional use |
| Chaine Operatoire | sequence/chain of operations |
| Faunal Remains Analysis | -zooarchaeology (birds, fish) -reconstruct environment conditions, diet, economy, social organization, patterns of consumption) |
| Auroschen in Denmark | -projectiles -patterns of lesions -mortality profile -selective culling -catastrophic profile -Boxgrove -Torralbra-Ambrona |
| Cranium | -age from sutures -evolutionary stage from morphology -isotopes in teeth for diet and origin -tooth wear: diet and craft activity -sex from cranial morphology and pelvic area |
| Organic Material | -tend to biodegrade and are rarely preserved -textiles (wool, leather, cotton) -unusual survival (ice man, bog bodies) |
| Plant Remains | -macroscopic and microscopic analysis -past climate, economic practices, environmental conditions -macrofossils usually only preserved in waterlogged conditions, carbonised (charred), mineralised (fossil), frozen as impressions (mudbrick, pottery) |
| Wood + Plant Macrofossils | -visible to the naked eye (seeds leaves, and twigs) -dating through dendrochronology -evidence for structure (shipwrecks such as Wasa or Mary Rose) |
| Coprolites | -human faecal material show food processing and diet -quantity of plant material here is very high |
| Plant microfossils | Palynology (study of pollen): pollen retrieved from soil samples and coring, species of pollen, frequencies -pollens, diatoms, phytoliths (silica bodies from plant cells) |
| After-Analysis: Building An Archive | -connect post-excavation analysis with results and interpretations from analysis -statistical analyses -publication -storage & management of collections/data -copious records |
| Pollen Dating | possible to define pollen zones which characterise specific periods according to relative amount of each species -pollen assemblages used to assign relative dates to samples in other sites according to where they math the established env sequence |
| Diatoms | -microscopic single-celled plants -open water or in wet conditions like bogs and waterlogged soils -changes caused by human action shown by change in diatom species -useful in Thames channels |
| Invertebrates | -shells are resilient, provide evidence of local environment and human diet + activity -beetles and snails |
| Trace Elements | Tiny amounts of rare elements within stone and metal that shows, through study of the balance of trace elements, the geological source of material |
| Characterisation | Identifying the origin of materials from their physical characteristics |
| Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) | measuring the specific gravity of artefacts and comparing with known examples -sample dissolved and vaporised -light of known wavelengths passed through gas, amount that is absorbed indicates minerals present -trace |
| Otzi the Iceman | -copper age man from Alps -shot with arrow (pulled out), blows to head -acupuncture -plant remains + lithics show ppl moved -isotope teeth, N. Italy -arsenic in hair from working copper, metal smith -prepared for winter (Clothes) -medicine, axe, bo |
Created by:
karshow
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