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Test 2,
PhAn exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do polygenic traits differ from Mendelian traits? | They are considered complex instead of simple, with a complex inheritance. |
| How is height a barometer for human health? | Height is not only determined by genus and environment but also physical and cultural. Height is a plastic trait. |
| What is plasticity? Explain how the environment shapes the phenotype for plastic traits. | Plasticity is the ability to modify or change in relation to the environment (malleable genes). |
| What is Bergmann's Rule? | Bergmann's Rule indicates body size, body mass. Temperature is an indicator for body size. If you live in a hot environment: smaller body. If you live in a cold environment: larger. Smaller bodies have larger surface area, relative to body size |
| What is Allen's Rule? | Allen's Rule regards temperature and limbs. If you live in a hot environment, you have longer limbs. if you live in a cold environment, you have shorter limbs. Longer limbs increase surface are relative to body size. |
| What is Gloger's Rule? | Gloger's Rule is a rule that predicts skin color based on latitude. |
| What is Wolff's Law? | Wolff's Law states that bones grows where needed, absorbed when it's not. |
| What are the different ways humans adapt to a high altitude environment? Discuss the adaptations in individuals who: a) Change their residence from low to high altitude as an adult b) Grew up in a high altitude | Humans adapt to a high altitude environment through long and short term adaptations. ST: mountain sickness. LT: barrel chest, shorter stature |
| Explain how skin color is an adaptation to sunlight. What factors account for the variation of skin pigmentation in human populations? (Selection FOR vs AGAINST pigmentation) | Skin color adapts to sunlight-higher UV=darker skin, lower UV=lighter skin |
| Do races exist? | Race exists as a cultural construct. Trace is socially defined, and NOT determined by Mendelian traits |
| Are races biologically or culturally determined? | Races are culturally determined: there are no biological characteristics that determine one's 'race'. |
| What evidence was documented in the film, "Race: The Power of an Illusion"? | Race was displayed as a social excuse for fates of "inferior" races. Genetically we are most similar |
| List (and understand) the feature to classify the Primate order | |
| What are the common features of Prosimians? | Elongated snout, larger olfactory bulbs (on brain), lack bony cups, toothcomb, many are nocturnal. |
| What are the similarities and differences found in Anthropoids (Platyrrhini vs Catarrhini)? | Platyrrhini: only monkeys. wide nasal septum. forested areas=central and South america. arboreal quadrupeds. Catarrhini: (OW monkeys have hook noses, terrestrial/arboreal, Africa, India, SE Asia. both are have larger bodies, larger brains. eyes=forward |
| What features are used to distinguish the different superfamilies from each other? | Ceboidea: NW Monkeys, some prehensile tail. Cerco: OW Monkeys,hook nosed. Homin: apes and humans. |
| Name a few examples of each type of Primate: | Pros: lorises/galagos. Tars: tarsiers. Lemur: lemur. Cebo: marmosets, tamarins, spider monkey. cerco: colobus, langurs, baboons. homin: gibbons, chimps, orangs, humans. |
| Discuss the different aspects of primate behavior: diet, body size, locomotion, residency patterns, activity patterns | |
| When did the Neolithic Revolution occur-was this simultaneous across the globe? | 10,000y.a. late pleistocene/early holcene. foraging-->domestication. 10-11 different centers of diffusion (not simultaneous) |
| What were the major centers of domestication? | Fertile Crescent-Jordan Valley. |
| What craniofacial changes accompanied the transition to agriculture? | Malocculusion: over/under-bite overcrowding. not enough room in mouth due to smaller jaw. masticatory-functional hypothesis |
| How did the shift to agriculture affect human health? | BADLY: food surplus, large population, alcohol, transportability, complex society, superfoods. zoonosis. |
| How does this affect on human health (agriculture) show up on the bones and teeth? | Harris Lines: indicating periods of stress and then growth. Enamel Hypoplasia: same as harris lines, but on teeth. dental carries: cavities. |
| Why does Jared Diamond propose agriculture was our worst mistake? What evidence supports his claims? | increases in enamel defects, shorter lifespan, iron anemia, bone lesions. there was increases in all of it, 2fold+ |
| Additive Rule | Multiple loci |
| Allen's Rule | Temperature and limbs correlation. Hotter climates=longer limbs, Colder climates=shorter limbs. Longer limbs increase surface area relative to body size. |
| Anthropoid (Anthropoidea) | |
| Arboreal quadruped | |
| Bergmann's Rule | Body size, body mass. Temperature is an indicator for body size. Hot climates=smaller, colder=larger. Smaller bodies have larger surface area relative to body size. |
| Biological Determinism | All variations encoded in DNA (a wrong theory) |
| Bipedalism | Walking on 2 legs. |
| Brachiation | Swinging underneath the trees from branch to branch. |
| Catarrhini | OW (OW Monkeys, apes and humans). Hook nose (narrow septum). terrestrial/arboreal (land/trees). Africa, SE Asia, India. |
| Ceboidea=Ceboids/Atelids | Arboreal, suspensory locomotion, atelids have a prehensile tail, diverse diet (insects fruit leaves). |
| Cercopithecodiea=Colobines/Cercopithicines | |
| Clinal variation | |
| Cribra orbitalia | In eyes, porus marrow cavaties, caused by iron deficencies |
| Dental Formula | 2:1:2:3 Incisors, Canines, Premolar, Molar. |
| Diet (Omnivorers; frugivores; folivores; insectivores; gumnivores) | |
| Diurnal/Nocturnal/Cathemeral | |
| Domestication | Looking at change in genetics (wild vs domestic), subconcious v concious. Food surplus, lg population, alcohol, trasnportability, complex society, superfoods |
| Dominance Hierarchy | |
| Enamel Hypoplasias | Same as Harris Lines, but on teeth-showed as lines when stressor is endured then relieved |
| Encephilization Quotient (EQ) | Increase in brain size relative to body size, method of calculation. Brain size/body x 100 |
| Fertile Crescent | Jordan Valley, 50+ sites all showed wild--> domestic |
| Folate Vitamin | |
| Foraging | Semi nomadic gathering for food |
| Gloger's Rule | Rule that predicts skin color based on latitude |
| Harris Lines | Growth resumption lines on long bones-showed as lines when stressor is relieved |
| Hominoidea=Hylobatids/Pongids/Hominins | |
| Iron Deficiency | Heme v non heme iron, heme iron comes from meat, non heme comes from veggie |
| Jordan Valley | 50+ centers of diffusion, in Fertile Crescent |
| K-selection | |
| Knuckle walking | |
| Madagascar | |
| Malocclusions | Overbite/underbite/overcrwoding not enough room in jaw, due to smaller jaws |
| Masticatory-functional hypothesis | |
| Melanin | Brown pigmentation produced in melanocytes, between dermis and epidermis. Can be stimulated by environment, affect by genes, determined by 6 genetic loci |
| Melanocytes | Place where melanin is produced, situated between the dermis and epidermis. |
| Neolithic Revolution | 10,000ya. 10-11 different centers of domestication. during the late pleistocene/early Holocene culture. |
| Orbital Orientation | Where your eyes are situated (an adaptive advantage), in primates: front, stereoscopic; color |
| p53 tumor supressor gene | Produces protein which protects against tumors. mutation occurs during mitosis |
| Olfactory bulb | |
| Paleopathology | Examines diseases in past population |
| Periosteal Reaction | Generalized change, outer part of bone reacts by overproducing (due to infection) straiations |
| Plasticity | Ability to modify or change in relation to environment |
| Platyrrhini | NW. Only monkeys. broad nose. forested areas of central and south america. arboreal quadrupeds |
| Polygenic Traits | Different from Mendelian traits, considered complex instead of simple, with a complex inheritance and multiple loci |
| Porotic Hyperstosis | Porus marrow cavaties, caused by iron defecieny, in skull. |
| Post-orbital bar | Bone around eye |
| Bony Cup (post-orbital plate) | Only higher primates have, bone @ back of eye orbit, gives protection |
| Prehnsile tail | Tails that acts as a kind of hand for support in trees, common in NW Monkeys |
| Prosiminas (Prosimii): Lorises/Lemurs/Tarsiers | aka "lesser primates". greater reliance on sense of smell over vision. elongated snout, larger olfactory bulb. rhinarium. lack bony cups, less degree of color vision. toothcomb, 3 premolars. many are nocturnal |
| Race | No biological variation; social construct. Not determined by Mendelian traits |
| Residence patterns (multi-male/female; polygynous; polyandrous/ monogamous; solitary) | |
| Rhinarium | wet nose (helps collect scent) |
| Rickets/Osteomalacia | Rickets/Osteomalacia (child/adult). reproductive challenges, pelvic inlet. caused by a vitamin D deficency, leeching calcium from bones |
| Secular trend | |
| Sexual dimorphism | Some sort of difference b/w biological genders. ex: coloration, body size |
| Superfoods | Cheap calories, deficient in amino acids, corn, wheat, rice |
| Toilet claw | In prosiminans, a grooming tool |
| Treponematoses | Classification of bacterial infection: shyphili, yaws, bejel, pinta affects bones in 2nd ste. pits bones, pocketing, lumpy appearance |
| Turbinate Bones | Thin bones in nasal cavity, lined w/nerve endings |
| UV Radiation | increased UV radiation=increased melanin. melanin acts as natural sunscreen, breaking down UV to prevent damage |
| VCL | Vertical Clinger Leaper. |
| Vitamin D | |
| Wolff's Law | Bone grows where needed, absorbed when not |
| Y-5 and Bilophodont molars | Y-5: lower jaw, 5 cusps, ridges make a "y"shape (humans and apes) Bilophodont: 2 "loafs" per molar, pattern cusps make, in monkeys |
| Zoonosis | Transfer of disease from animal to human. caused by increase in animal contact. |
| Dental Caries | Cavaties |
| Dickson Mounds | 950AD gatherers, 1100-1200AD partial maize, 1200-1300 full maize, shows increases in health defects like enamel issues, bone lesions |
Created by:
meredithlangfitt
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