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Biocultural Anthro
1st half of biocultural anthro notes
| Question | Answer | answer cont |
|---|---|---|
| biological anthropology | also called physical anthropology, study of humans as biological organisms | chromosomes: double strands od DNA, carries genes in them genes: shortened pieces of DNA carry genetic code, decides who you are/will be |
| archaeology | study of humans in the past. prehistoric archaeology: study of human materials and culture before written records historic archaeology: study of human material and cultures with written records | contract archaeology: people who recover archaeological info right before a site is about to be distrubed/destroyed |
| cultural anthropology | study of the cultures of living people ethnography: study of all behaviors at a single time, Marco polo is earliest example of ethnographer ethnology: study of one behavior across many cultures | social anthropology: study of human social structures, studies how people are related, social relations Psychological anthropology: study of intelligence across many cultures |
| linguistics | study of languages historical linguistics: study of evolution and development of languages social linguistics: study of daily use of languages in society | psycholinguistics: cross cultural study of language acquisition |
| Karyotyping | part of physical anthro, science of counting and sorting chromosomes | |
| chromosomal abnormalities | to have viable offspring, you need to have the same number of chromosomes, if you don't then successful reproduction is not possible | ie. mules, have 31.5 pairs of chromosomes downs syndrome: extra chromosome 21 |
| Duplication of life | asecual reproduction: simple cell division, mitosis, need only one parent, resulting offspring is a clone of the parent. this works well in a stable, unvarying environment and requires very little energy | sexual reproduction: meiosis, need two parents, unique combination of dna, better in variable environment, very costly |
| evolutionary change | evolution is a change in gene frequency of a breeding population from one generation to the next | evolution is affected by random genetic drift, random gene flow, random mutations, random natural selection or artificial selection |
| genetic drift | change in gene frequency bc a group becomes isolated from the rest of the herd by chance | ie. founders affect, huttites, native americans |
| gene flow | change in gene frequency due to interbreeding between several populations | |
| mutations | change in gene frequency due to an alteration in DNA, completely random, one of the sources of variation | changes in chromosome number or shape are a result of drug, radiation, or aging of sex cells, the result is generally lethal for the offspring |
| natural selection | change in gene frequency due to the different survival rates of one gene over another | |
| artificial selection | change in gene frequency because of purposely controlled breeding to keep certain traits in and others out | ie. domestication, not always good for the organism, like seedless oranges |
| speciation | formation of a new species | 2 rates of speciation: gradualism: slow, gradual accumulation of genetic differences punctuated equlibrium: rapid genetic change followed by stasis |
| taxonomy | study of classifying organisms Linneaus: father of modern classification system: binomial nomenclature | discussed evolution in taxonomy, believed that if there was a lot of physical resemblance between two groups, they might have had a common ancestor |
| qualities of the order primates | physical characteristics: prehensile hands and feet, opposable thumbs, nails not claws, increased brain size, foramen magnum under scull, reduced snout, eyes in front for depth preception | reproductive characteristics: generally single births, long relationships between sexes, no rut season, long gestation period, and long postnatal care and dependency |
| pre-cambian | 1. origin of earth, some of the first organisms | |
| paleozoic and mesozoic | 2. Age of fish, proliferation of fish, amphibians and reptiles | 3. mesozoic age of dinosaurs |
| cenozoic | 4. age of mammals, mammals are the primary animals, primates initially, homonids towards the end | |
| paleocene | Cenozoic part a. mammals, birds, pollinating insects spreading | |
| eocene | cenozoic part b. insectivore mammals to prosimians | |
| oligocene | cenozoic part c. prosimians --> monkeys | |
| miocene | cenozoic part d. monkeys --> apes --> hominoids | |
| pliocene | cenzoic part e. earliest true hominids, ie. austrolopithecus | |
| pleistocene | humans appear, ice ages | |
| Hominoids vs Homonids | hominoids: humans and their close relatives dryopithicus: gave way to apes Ramapithecus: gave way to homonids | homonids : humans and their immediate ancestors, genus austrolopithicus and homo |
| Fossils | preserved remains of plants or animals, typically only hard tissue, ie bones fossilize, tissue covered in sand/mud or lava/tar, fossilize | |
| fossil dating techniques | Relative dating technique: can tell if the fossil is older or younger than another fossil | absolute dating techniques: can give a fossil's real age, based on radioactive decay |
| relative dating techniques: types of stratigraphy | stratigraphy: rocks are formed in layers, fossils in deeper layers are older than fossils in shallower layers | biostratigraphy: unique to animal bones, bones found from one site can be used to date bones from another site, even w/o good stratigraphic layers |
| Relative dating techniques:Fluorine analysis | fluorine analysis: used for bones exposed to ground water w fluorine, longer bone is exposed to area, more fluorine it contains. | PROBLEMS only gives relative dates, assumes consistent global stratigraphy and F levels, may be good only for regional fossils |
| Absolute dating techniques: carbon 14 | living plants and animals have carbon in them, when they die, they stop taking carbon 14, which breaks down into carbon 12 at a constant rate. the c14:c12 ratio will help calculate age, only reliable 70,000ya ~present | can only date organic things, assumes c14 breaks down into c12 at a constant rate, ignores possibility of c14 contamination (excess co2, warm vs cold climate), can't date material older than 70,000 |
| Absolute dating techniques: potassium argon datin | potassium, found in volcanic ash, breaks down into argon at a constant rate, measuring the ratio can calculate age, only reliable from 2mya-100,000ya | problems: can only date fossils buried in volcanic areas, assumes k breaks down into argon at a constant rate, only reliable form 2mya-100,000ya |
| Absolute dating technique: paleomagnetic dating | magnetic poles of earth switch every 100,000 years, metals in volcanic rocks will line up toward current magnetic pole, by mearsuring orientation of metals, you could calculate age | problems: assumes constant shift in magnetic poles, can only date fossils w magnetic metals, only reliable at 100,000 year intervals |
| Absolute dating technique: dendrochronologic dating | dating fossils using tree rings, provides good chronologies for american southwest and northern europe | problems: can only date fossils in context w tree rings, very regional, not good for global dating |
| Anthropoid | 1) aegyptopithicus: more monkeylike, eocene and oligocene | |
| hominoids | oligocene and miocene. 2) dryopithicus: gave way to apes (3)Ramapithicus: gave way to hominids | |
| hominids | 4) austrolopithicus afarensis: lucy, pleiocene, small size and cranial capacity (5) austrolopithicus robustus: pleiocene and pleistocene, very strong, slightly larger cc than lucy | (6)Austrolopithicus africanus: pleiocen and pleistocene, very gracile, larger cc than lucy but smaller in size and cc than robustus |
| hominids cont. | (7)Homo habilis: handy man, oldawan tools, first tools (8) homo erectus: java man, found in java, first evidence of use of fire | (9) homo neanderthal: complex material culture, art, tools, taller and more cc than us (10) homo sapiens: complex material culture and society, domestication, less cc than neanderthal |
| primates | characterized by general skeleton, mobilized digits, lack of snout, fewer teeth, sense of smell deemphasized, upright position, complex cortex, prolongated infant dependency, increased vision | |
| Tree shrews | (1) transitional form between insectavore and mammals. clawed, small, better vision and worse smell, no close mother-young bond | |
| prosimians | (2) true primates, most primitive, only found in madagascar and far east, arboreal, great sense of smell, single births | examples are: lemur, bush baby, tarsier |
| old and new world monkeys | (3)OWM: color and stereoscopic vision, depth preception | (3)NWM: more primitive than OWM, not related, restricted to trees, no ground walking, diurnal, located in south america |
| lesser apes | (4) no tails, far easter jungles, walk bipedally and swing on trees, aversion to water, take long time to mature | |
| great apes | (5) chimps, orangutans, gorillas, live long time, advanced learned behavior/rate of learning, quadrepedal usually, can be bipedal for sometime, good vision, very evolved, manual dexterity | gorillas: don't use tools, prefer ground. Chimpanzees: use tools, fine in ground or trees orangutan: prefers trees, uses tools |
| continuous (facultative) traits and discontinuous (obligate) traits | continuous: traits that fall under a range, ie. height, skin color, height/weight ratio | obligate: you have it or you don't, ie. teeth, lactose intolerance,etc. |
| Berman's rule and Allens rule | Bergman: body mass, temperature and distance to the equator are related, the colder things get, more body mass the organism gets | allen: appendage length, temperature and distance to equator are related, as the temperature gets higher, appendages get longer |
| body and cranial shape | body: endomorphic- short and stocky, colder areas. ectomorphic- tall and lean, warmer areas. mesomorphic- inbetween the two | cranial shape: brachycephaly- short and wide. dolichocephal- tall and narrow. mesocephaly- in between |
| types of human adaptations | cultura, biological and physiological (acclimatory) | |
| cultural adaptations | much more significant than biological adaptations in humans, behavioral adjustments resulting from technological innovations, almost all adaptations are cultural | |
| biological adaptations | genetic adjustments made by the population, usually by natural selection, very few adaptations are biological | |
| physiological adaptations | physiological and developmental adjustments made by individuals to environmental change, most growth and developmental adaptations occur this way | |
| types of physiological adaptations | short term: rapid physiological responses. Long term: prolonged physiological response | developmental acclimitization: liefspan physiological response from being born and raised in an extreme environment |
| extreme environments | UV, Heat, cold, high altitude, high population density, disease | look at slides for details about short term, long term and developmental acclimatizations and cultural changes |
| Netsilik | general location: norther canada, islands near arctic circle | subsistence strategy: seasonal subsistence cycle, harpooning seal in winter and fishing and hunting caribou in summer |
| anthropology | study of humanity, study of being human |
Created by:
hsinha93
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