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Parasit: horses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T/F: young horses have innate immunity to parasites | F. they develop immunity |
| flies & those parasites which are trasmitted by ingestion of eggs are more prevealent in stable or grazing? | stable |
| gasterophilus: order | diptera (flies) |
| gasterophilus: common name | horse bots |
| gasterophilus: what stage is infective to horses | larvae found in stomach of equids; adults are non-feeding, free-flying diptera |
| gasterophilus intestinalis: common name | common horse bot |
| gasterophilus intestinalis: geographic distribution | cosmopolitan |
| gasterophilus intestinalis: where are the lesions | tongue & between cheek teeth; in nonglandular stomach |
| gasterophilus intestinalis: parasitism | little evidence of real damage to horse although flies cause the horse great vexation |
| gasterophilus intestinalis: life cycle | F deposits eggs on hair (usually inner surface of forelimbs prox to carpus) - incubate 5 days+, reqr moisture to hatch - enter mouth when licked, penetrate oral mucosa/tongue, migrate to stomach, attach in esoph region, mature larvae pass in feces, pupate |
| gasterophilus intestinalis: how do larvae breath | dorsal portion in air bubble |
| gasterophilus intestinalis: how long do they spend in stomach | may remain over winter |
| gasterophilus nasalis: common name | chin/throat bot |
| gasterophilus nasalis: geographic distribution | cosmopolitan |
| gasterophilus nasalis: how do horses act when flies are active | stand with heads over water troughs |
| gasterophilus nasalis: LC | eggs attached in submandibular region, hatch 4-5 days; direct migration into mouth, crawl btwn lips, attach in glandular portion of stomach, pyloric region/duodenum |
| gasterophilus nasalis, inteswtinalis: peak transmission | autumn (sept-nov) until first frost; some activity in spring - adult flies seen in all months |
| gasterophilus: importance | annoying activities of adult flies; damage to stomach lining by larvae is trivial |
| gasterophilus: treatment | treat 30 days following first killing frost to remove most bots form stomach; adult sflies don't feed = pesticides have little impact on adults |
| gasterophilus nasalis: control | Tx once or twice/year; keep horses stabled during the day, flies don't fly into barns/not active at night |
| draschia megastoma: phylum | nematode |
| draschia megastoma: superfamily | spiruroidea |
| draschia megastoma: direct/indirect LC | indirect |
| draschia megastoma: host | DH: equinds; IH: musca domestica, stomoxys calcitrans (house/stable fly) |
| draschia megastoma: best way to see eggs | sedimentation |
| draschia megastoma: habitat | adults w/in gastric 'tumors', nodules/absfcesses in fundus near margo picata; hundreds of worms may be found wihtin the nodule |
| habronema muscae: phylum | nematode |
| habronema muscae: SF | spiruroidea |
| habronema muscae: host | DH: equid; IH: musca domestica |
| habronema majus (microstoma): host | DH: horse; IH: stomoxys calcitrans |
| habronema majus (microstoma): phylum | nematode |
| habronema majus (microstoma): sf | spiruroidea |
| Draschia, habronema: LC | larvated eggs passed in feces, fly larvae ingest parasite larvae/larvated eggs; L3 develops in fly & crawls out of adult fly mouthparts onto feed/H20 or fly eaten by horse, adult develops in stomach |
| habronema vs drashcia: where do they develop? | mucosal nodules (drashia) or free (habronema) in equine stomach |
| habronema: ppp | 2 months |
| drashcia: ppp | 2 months |
| define xenodiagnosis` | diagnosis by finding causative organism in vector infected form host; ex) place fly eggs & horse feces in jar, 10-12 day slater find nematode learvae in flies |
| diagnosis of draschia & habronema | sedimentation of larvated eggs, xenodiagnosis, cutaneous habronemiasis |
| define cutaneous habronemiases | collect deep skin scraping/biopsy & soak material in physiological saline in Baermann apparatus. larvae will crawl out of tissue & sink to bottom of the baermann collection tube, decant & examine sediment |
| draschia megastoma: pathology assoc with adults | generall y no clinical signs; granulomatous parasitic nodules in fundic region of stomach may look neoplastic; Dx - see parasites on biopsy |
| habronema spp: pathology assoc with adults | occastionally associated with mucoid gastritis |
| draschia & habronema: pathology assoc with larvae | Cutaneous habronemiases (summer sores) - infective L3 larvae deposited by fly at aberrant locations=chronic draning cutaneous granulomatous lesion, proud flesh; pruritic, lesions - face/legs; larvae enter capillaries in skin, transmported to lung |
| draschia & habronema: what happens when larvae are transported to lung | associated with rhodococcus equi abscesses |
| draschia & habronema: cutaneous form must be differentiated form what? | phycomycosis Hyphomyces destruens or constant irritation |
| draschia & habronema: prevention/control | fly contorl; cleaning/caring of genitalia & eyes; routine deworming to kill adult worms; compost feces to kill larval flies; lesions regress during winter |
| trichostrongylus axei: phylum | nematode |
| trichostrongylus axei: sf | trichostrongyloidea |
| trichostrongylus axei: typical host | stomach of herbivores; more prevalent in horses grazed with ruminants |
| trichostrongylus axei: repro product passed | oval thin-shelled segmented eggs |
| trichostrongylus axei: LC direct/indirect | direct |
| trichostrongylus axei: infective stage | L3, ingested during grazing |
| trichostrongylus axei: ppp | 3 weeks |
| trichostrongylus axei: pathogenesis | gastritis - hypersecretion of gastric mucus; chronic hyperplastic gastritis; wart-like thickening w/central depression & raised periphery; glandular portion of stomach, fundus |
| trichostrongylus axei: clinical signs | mild or none; gastritis |
| trichostrongylus axei: control | as for other pasture-borne parasites; antihelmintics are effective |
| parascaris equorum: common name | large roundworm |
| parascaris equorum: phylum | nematode |
| parascaris equorum: sf | ascaroidea |
| parascaris equorum: location in host | small intestine of equids |
| parascaris equorum: what age is affected most | foals; older horses that aquire the infection for the first time are adversely affected |
| parascaris equorum: resistance? | usually develops after 6 months if the foal has expreienced an infection; development of protetive response requires stimulation of migration |
| parascaris equorum: LC | single-celled egg passed in feces; L2 ingested, hatches, hepatic-tracheal migration, molt in lung, couged up & swallowed, develop in SI |
| parascaris equorum: infective stage | L2 egg; requires 10+ days to become infective |
| parascaris equorum: how does it do in env't? importance of this? | L2 egg very env'tally resistant; foals of one season are source of eggs for foals of subsequent seasons |
| parascaris equorum: ppp | 10-12 weeks; eggs may be passed by foals as early as 80 days of age |
| parascaris equorum: pathogenesis | infection in foals/yearlings; migration in lung = coughing, nasal d/c; catarrhal enteritis, ill thrift, potbellied |
| parascaris equorum: msot improtant aspect to infection | lung migration |
| parascaris equorum: treatment | populations of parascaris are resistant to ivermectin/moxidectin |
| parascaris equorum: control | routine deworming - 60-75 days of age, repeat at 45-60 day intervals; keep hay/grain off ground; pick up feces & compost |
| strongyloides westerni: phylum | nematode |
| strongyloides westerni: sf | rhabditoidea |
| strongyloides westerni: common name | intestinal threadworm |
| strongyloides westerni: free-living or parasitic | both |
| strongyloides westerni: what repro product is passed in feces | thin-shelled larvated eggs (L1) |
| strongyloides westerni: age affected | very young foals |
| strongyloides westerni: where do eggs hatch | environment |
| strongyloides westerni: infective stage | L3 |
| strongyloides westerni: transmission | skin penetration or ingesion; most important source of infetion is mare's milk! |
| strongyloides westerni: where do adult worms live | both sexes - moist organic material; some f - parasitic |
| strongyloides westerni: LC in foals | L3 infective, migrate to lungs, coughed up/swallowed |
| strongyloides westerni: LC in mare | infective larvae have somatic migration, accumulate in tissues until parturition -> mammary gland; transmamm trans 4-47 days after foaling |
| strongyloides westerni: ppp | per os (in milk) 8-12 days; cutaneous 10-14 days |
| strongyloides westerni: pathogenesis | usually nonpathogenic; 2-3 wks of age most serious; dermatitis, pneumonia, enteritis; trans of Rhodococcus equi (if skin pen.) |
| strongyloides westerni: immunity | become immune to intestinal stages, seldom seen in foals >8 months of age; tissue stages mobilized at parturition go to mammary tissue; a few may mature in mare |
| strongyloides westerni: tx | anthelmintics effective against adult worms; prevent transmission to foal via milk if administered at foaling |
| strongyloides westerni: control | sanitation (dung piles, wet/soiled bedding); deworm mares at foaling; during wet pds keep young foals out of area which have had older foals; free-living larvae are activated by wet weather (skin pen) |
| tapeworms: order | cyclophyllidea |
| tapeworms: family | anoplocephalidae |
| tapeworms: stage in equids | adults |
| tapeworms: IH | oribatid (forage) mites |
| tapeworms: larva type in IH | cysticercoid |
| tapeworms: shape of mature segments | wider than long, each w/single set of repro organs |
| tapeworms: eggs | contain hexacanth; angular |
| anoplocephala magna: common name | giant tapework |
| anoplocephala magna: where is it found in host | ileum, rarely LI & stomach |
| anoplocephala perfoliata: common name | lappetted tapeworm |
| anoplocephala perfoliata: where is it found in host | ileum & cecum; eliocaecal valve |
| paranoplocephala mamillana: common name | dwarf tapeworm |
| paranoplocephala mamillana: where is it foudn in host | small intestine & stomach |
| paranoplocephala mamillana: phylum/class | platyhelminthes/cestoda (tapeworm) |
| anoplocephala perfoliata: phylum/class | platyhelminthes/cestoda (tapeworm) |
| anoplocephala magna: phylum/class | platyhelminthes/cestoda (tapeworm) |
| tapeworms: LC | gravid seg passed from host, degenerate & release eggs; hexacanth onchosphere ingested by IH, cysticercoid develops in IH in 2-4 months, IH eaten by horse while grazing |
| tapeworms: ppp | 6 weeks |
| tapeworms: where does IH live | oribatid mites; live in soil & humus, feed on organic material, may be millions/acre |
| tapeworms: clinical signs | usually none; possible obstruction of ileocaecal valve, mild colic to intussusception w/A. perfoliata; colic; catarrhal enteritis, ill thrift |
| tapeworms: Dx | segments, centrifugal sugar flotation |
| tapeworms: resistance? | easily reinfected by returning to pastures already contaminated |
| tapeworms: which spp may be resistant to pyrantel | A. perfoliata |
| eimeria leuckarti: phylum | apicomplexa - coccidia |
| eimeria leuckarti: kingdom | protozoa |
| eimeria leuckarti: hosts | horse, ass |
| eimeria leuckarti: ppp | 15-33 days |
| eimeria leuckarti: LC | typical eimeria LC |
| eimeria leuckarti: disease | rarely diagnosed; usually in foals (2/3 of foals on specific properties); diarrhea, dehydration, death |
| eimeria leuckarti: tx/control | no specific tx; pnazural; sanitation |
| eimeria leuckarti: where does it live in host | small intestine |
| cryptosporidium parvum: kingdom | protozoa |
| cryptosporidium parvum: phylum | apicomplexa - coccidia |
| cryptosporidium parvum: host? | euryoxenous (wide host range, some strains adopted to specific hosts); normally self-limiting pathogen of man, claves, pigs, lambs, foals |
| cryptosporidium parvum: sporulation in or out of host | inside |
| cryptosporidium parvum: what organisms are shed | sporulated oocyst - infective when shed; env'tally resistant |
| cryptosporidium parvum: location in host | intracell, extracytoplasmic; attaches to microvillus border of intestine, primarily ileum, & repsiratory epith cells |
| cryptosporidium parvum: what age most susceptible | young animals (neonates); may lead to death in immunodeficient foals (diarrhea) |
| cryptosporidium parvum: LC | sporozoite attaches to microvillus -> meront ->4-8 merozoites, produce further meronts or become micro/magrogametocytes; syngamy -> zygote - sporulate (4 sporozoites) - passed in feces |
| cryptosporidium parvum: ppp | 1-5 days |
| cryptosporidium parvum: autoinfection? | some oocysts may release sporozoites w/in gut of host & life cycle is continued w/o stage outside body |
| cryptosporidium parvum: env'tal resistance? | oocysts; resistant to most disinfectants; persistant in env't if moist; dessication kills |
| cryptosporidium parvum: tx | hydration/supportive |
| strongylus: phylum | nematode |
| strongylus: sf | strongyloidea |
| strongylus: direct/indirect LC | direct |
| genus strongylus: migration? | larvae migrate extensively |
| genus strongylus: common name | migratory strongyles - blood worms |
| strongylus vulgaris: where do they live in host | cecum |
| most important parasite of horses before ivermectin? | strongylus vulgaris; now unusual & may not be diagnosed |
| stongylus edentatus: where is it found in host | right ventral colon |
| strongylus equinus: where is it found in host | cecum, right ventral colon |
| genus strongylus: what kinds of feeders are they? | plug feeders |
| genus strongylus: repro product passed in feces | segmented eggs, L1 larva |
| genus strongylus: how long do the eggs take to hatch? | <1 wk in summer, 2-4 wks + in winter temps |
| genus strongylus: infective stage | L3 ensheathed larva; temperature dependent < 1 week after being passed in summer, 5-10 wks in cold temps |
| genus strongylus: survival in env't | up to 2 years in coolclimate, shorter in hot/dry climate |
| genus strongylus: LC | segmented eggs/L1 larva passed, L3 infective move up grass when moist, ingested by horse; migrate through visceral tissues |
| strongylus vulgaris: larvae migration | L4 ascend cr mesenteric a brr via ileocecocolic aa; molt to L5, juveniles carried down bloodstream to arterioles in subserosa of intestinal wall, become encased in nodules, return to lumen, complete maturation |
| strongylus vulgaris: ppp | 6-7 months |
| strongylus edentatus: larvae migration | L3 enters mucosa of intestine, gains liver via portal circulation, migrates in liver & grows; leave liver via hepatic lig to flank, wander in sub-peritoneal CT for 3 mo's, return to gut via mesentery; larvae develop in gut wall = hemorrhagic nodules |
| strongylus edentatus: ppp | 11-12 months, may be shorter in non-immune hosts |
| strongylus equinus: larvae migration | L3 penetrates LI mucosa, wander in liver 6-7 wks,leaves via hepatic ligg, migrate to pancreas/kidney, molt to L5; return to gut by direct penetration |
| strongylus equinus: ppp | 9-9.5 mo's |
| genus strongylus: pathogenesis of adult worms | plug feeders, suck blood, form hemorrhagic ulcers where attaches; 10 uL/day of blood utilized by each adult worm seldom a problem; normocytic, normochromic anemia |
| genus strongylus: pathogenesis of larval S. vulgaris | arteritis -> thrombi & emboli of cranial mesenteric a & brr = ulceration of mucosa/colon/cecum when blood supply is limited; infarction; immune reaction = colic, posterior ataxia |
| genus strongylus: pathogenesis of larval S edentatus | hemorrhagic tracts: liver, pancreas-pancreatitis, kidney |
| genus strongylus: pathogenesis of larval S equinus | hemorrhagic tracts: liver, pancreas-pancreatitis, kidney |
| genus strongylus: tx/control | most drugs effective against adults; control - as for non-migratory strongyles |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: phylum | nematode |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: sf | strongyloidea |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: migration? | non-migratory; mucosal migration |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: repro products passed | thin-shelled segmented eggs |
| oesophagondontus: classification? | small strongyles |
| triodontophorus: classification? | small strongyles |
| craterostomum: classification? | small strongyles |
| cyathostomum: classification? | cyathostomes |
| cylicodontophorus: classification? | cyathostonmes |
| cylicocyclus: classification? | cyathostomes |
| cylicostephanus: classification? | cyathostomes |
| poteriostomum: classification? | cyathostomes |
| gyalocephalus: classification? | cyathostomes |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: life cycle direct/indirect | direct |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: repro product passed in feces | segemented eggs |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: LC | segmented eggs passed, L1 develop/hatch, develop to L3, picked up during grazing; enter mucosa as L3, molt to L4, return to lumen L5/L4 |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: ppp | 2-3 months to several years |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: hypobiosis | some larvae arrestedin development in mucosa, L3 & L4 stages; seasonal L3, density-dependent L4 |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: pathogenesis | nodules caused by larvae in wall of LI; adults feed on mucosa, some blood suckers, some genera which graze on mucosa in herds may cause deep ulceration; nodules rupture, release larvae, may cause reaction; diarrhea, colitis; perforate intestine |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: cyathostomiosis | younger horses, late winter/spring, after deworming; lose condition, non-febrile, diarrhea; weight loss when large #s larvae leave intestinal wall during short time interval, mechanical damage & release of vasoactive amines lead to malabsorption/wt loss |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: control | cyathostomes are the parasties which most often determine internal parasite control programs in 2012 |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: epidemiology | seasonal; horses develop immunity (age/prior infection), resistant to damage by S. vulgaris, but don't develop as good a resistance to cyathostomes; still younger horses are usually more adversely affected; don't survive long hot dry summers |
| small strongyles / cyathostomes: how is immunity compromised | malnutrition (protein), lactation, undeveloped immune system, continuous high challenge |
| pinworms: phylum | nematode |
| pinworms: sf | oxyuroidea |
| oxyuris equi: common name | common pinworm |
| oxyuris equi: where is it found in host? | colon, rectum |
| oxyuris equi: repro product passed | larvated egg |
| oxyuris equi: lc direct/indirect | direct |
| oxyuris equi: lc | female lays eggs in perianal region, develop to L3 w/in eggs, horse scratches, L3 eggs ingested, released in SI, move to mucosal crypts, L4 emerges from mucosa & become adults |
| oxyuris equi: ppp | 4 months |
| oxyuris equi: pathogenesis | perianal pruritus, tail rubbing, L4 feed on mucosa of colon |
| oxyuris equi: control | hygiene; treat/depopulate area several times during ppp |
| oxyuris equi: survival in env't | eggs only survive for a month or so |
| oxyuris equi: immunity to reinfection? | none |
| trichomonas equi: kingdom | protozoa |
| trichomonas equi: phylum | parabasialia |
| trichomonas equi: stages | trophozoite only stage |
| trichomonas equi: where is it found in host | cecum |
| trichomonas equi: motility | corkscrew motility |
| trichomonas equi: clinical effects on host | possible diarrhea |
| horse ciliates: kingdom | protozoa |
| horse ciliates: phylum | ciliophora |
| horse ciliates: parasitism | commensal symbionts |
| horse ciliates: transmission | per os |
| horse ciliates: stages | trophozoites only, no cysts |
| horse ciliates: where are they found in host | highest populations in left dorsal colon w/largest number of spp in dorsal & small colon |
| horse ciliates: purpose of cycloposthium | stores polysaccharides |
| what does the presence of ciliates in wall of intestine indicate? | sign of underlying disease process |
| fasciola hepatica: common name | common liver fluke |
| fasciola hepatica: class | trematoda |
| fasciola hepatica: life cycle direct/indirect | indirect |
| fasciola hepatica: how common are they in horses | rare |
| fasciola hepatica: IH | amphibious snails |
| fasciola hepatica: clinical signs | none |
| fasciola hepatica: LC | refer to last exam! don't be lazy! |
| fasciola hepatica: diagnosis | large golden operculate eggs recovered by sedimentation |
| echinococcus granulosus: common name | tapeworm |
| echinococcus granulosus: class | cestode |
| echinococcus granulosus: order | cyclophyllidea |
| echinococcus granulosus: family | taeniidae |
| echinococcus granulosus: what stage is in the horse | hydatid cyst (larval stage) |
| echinococcus granulosus: IH | horse |
| echinococcus granulosus: where is it found in host | hydatid cyst found in liver, lungs, spleen of equids |
| echinococcus granulosus: geogrpahy | primarily europe, also seen in US in horses originating form europe |
| echinococcus granulosus: DH | dog, red fox |
| echinococcus granulosus: clinical signs | not often seen |
| echinococcus granulosus: zoonosis? | horse/dog hydatid is not zoonotic |
| heterobilharzia americana: class | trematoda |
| heterobilharzia americana: family | schistosomatidae |
| heterobilharzia americana: where is it normally found in host | mesenteric vessels |
| heterobilharzia americana: host | normal DH raccoons, nutria, occ dogs; IH lymnaeid snail |
| heterobilharzia americana: path of eggs | eggs pass from mesenteric vv through intestinal wall into lumen or are trapped in liver; granuloma produced surrounding egg becomes fibrotic |
| heterobilharzia americana: how common is it in horses | rare |
| Kossiella equi: kingdom | protozoa |
| Kossiella equi: phylum | apicomplexa |
| Kossiella equi: distribution | worldwide |
| Kossiella equi: how many hosts? | one |
| Kossiella equi: host | horse, ass, zebra |
| Kossiella equi: pathogenicity? | non-pathogenic |
| Kossiella equi: LC direct/indirect | direct |
| Kossiella equi: infective stage | sporulated sporocytst |
| Kossiella equi: tissue affected | kidney |
| Kossiella equi: LC | merogony (endoth cells bowmans capsule, later in epith cells prox convoluted tubules); gamogony/syngamy/sporogony: epith cells, thick limb of henle's loop; rupture host cell releases sporocysts into lumen of tubules; passed inurine |
| Kossiella equi: repro product passed | sporocysts; passed in urine |
| setaria equina: phylum | nematode |
| setaria equina: sf | filarioidea |
| setaria equina: lc direct/indirect | indirect |
| setaria equina: DH | horse |
| setaria equina: where are they found in host | normally - peritoneal cavity; occ migrate elsewhere, have been found in scrotum/anterior chamber of eye |
| setaria equina: IH | stomoxys calcitrans, several genera of mosquitoes |
| setaria equina: pathogenicity | non-pathogenic unless in eye |
| setaria equina: tx/control | surgically remove from eye; otherwise none necessary |
| setaria equina: LC | adults free in peritoneal cavity, produce microfilariae - in general circulation, ingested by IH, develop to L3, enter DH via bite wound, migrate to peritoneal cavity & develop |
| setaria equina: infective stage | L3 |
| setaria equina: repro product laid? | microfilaria |
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi: common name | lungworm |
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi: phylum | nematode |
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi: sf | trichostrongyloidea |
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi: hosts | horse, donkey |
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi: location in host | bronchioles, bronchi |
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi: lc direct/indirect | direct |
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi: LC | L1 passed in feces, develop to L3 in pasture, infect per os, migrate via lymphatics to lungs, patent infection in donkeys, non-patent infection in horses |
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi: repro product passed in feces | L1 larvae |
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi: infective stage | L3 |
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi: clinical signs | chronic bronchitis, chronic cough; eosinophilia; horse w/clinical signs will not have patent infection - check donkey & treat horse |
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi: control | don't run donkeys w/horses or treat donkeys for Dictyocaulus |
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi: repro product produced by female | larvated eggs |
| thelazia lacrymalis: phylum | nematode |
| thelazia lacrymalis: sf | spiruroidea |
| thelazia lacrymalis: where does it live in host | orbital region, conjunctiva under nictating membrane or lachrymal duct of equidae |
| thelazia lacrymalis: LC | F produces larvae w/in thin membrane, larvae active & motile, L1 in lachrymal secretion, ingested by flies feeding on eye secretion; molt to L3 in fly, escapes while eating; develop to adult in conjunctival sac |
| thelazia lacrymalis: IH | musca, fannia flies |
| thelazia lacrymalis: infective stage | L3 |
| thelazia lacrymalis: repro product produced by female | larvae (in sac) |
| thelazia lacrymalis: clinical signs | no evidence of worms causing disease; usually no treatment warranted |
| thelazia lacrymalis: control | fly control |
| sarcocystitis neurona: kingdom | protozoa |
| sarcocystitis neurona: phylum | apicomplexa |
| sarcocystitis neurona: lc direct/indirect | indirect (predator/prey) |
| sarcocystitis neurona: what disease does it transfer | equine protozoal myelitis (EPM) |
| sarcocystitis neurona: where does it live in horse | brain, spinal cord |
| sarcocystitis neurona: lc | horse accidental IH, ingests sporulated sporocysts passed by opossums (DH) |
| sarcocystitis neurona: hosts | DH opossums; IH armadillo, skunk, cat |
| halicephalobus (micronema) deletrix: phylum | nematode |
| halicephalobus (micronema) deletrix: sf | rhabditoidea |
| halicephalobus (micronema) deletrix: parasitism | normally a free-living nematode; invasive stages are all female |
| halicephalobus (micronema) deletrix: pathology | has been assoc w/tissue invasion; lesions involving granulomatous inflammation of nasal maxillary region, brain, kidney, limbs; reproduction within tissues |
| halicephalobus (micronema) deletrix: lc | free-living worms enter lesion in mouth/inhales, direct migration to CNS -> blood -> tissues, destroy tissue by immunologic rxn, repro cycles (no exit from host) |
| strongylus vulgaris: phylum | nematode |
| strongylus vulgaris: sf | strongyloidea |
| strongylus vulgaris: where are L4 found | migrating; found in mesenteric artery |
| strongylus vulgaris: pathogenesis | assoc with arteritis, leading to formation of thrombi & emboli of cr mesenteric a & brr |
| trypanosoma: kingdom | protozoa |
| trypanosoma: phylum | euglenozoa (hemoflagellate) |
| trypanosoma: stage in IH | epimastigote |
| trypanosoma: stage in mammalian host | trypomastigote |
| trypanosoma brucei: vector | tsetse flies |
| trypanosoma brucei: transmission | biological |
| trypanosom abrucei: location | tsetse belt, africa |
| trypanosoma evansi: vector | biting flies, vampire bat |
| trypanosoma evansi: transmission | mechanical (interrupted feeding of biting flies/vampire bat from infected animal to non-infected one), biological/mech (vampire bat - desmodus rotundus, found in saliva) |
| trypanosoma evansi: location | N africa, southern asia; central & south america |
| trypanosoma equiperdum: vector | none |
| trypanosoma equiperdum: transmission | venereal |
| trypanosoma equiperdum: location | africa, asia |
| trypanosoma evansi: hosts | equids, camels, rodents, dogs, etc |
| trypanosoma evansi: where in host are trypomastigotes found | blood, lymph |
| trypanosoma evansi: disease transmitted | surra, el debab, murraina, mal de cadera |
| trypanosoma evansi: LC | trypomastigote divide in blood/lymph/tissue; specific antigens help evade/exhaust immune system, replicate asexually, picked up by horse fly/vampire bat, biological/mech trans |
| trypanosoma evansi: clinical signs | intermittent fever, watery d/c from eyes/nose, edematous swellings of abdomen, genitalia, legs; fatal in horses 2 wks - 6 months |
| babesia: kingdom | protozoa |
| babesia: phylum | apicomplexa |
| babesia: disease caused | equine piroplasmosis or babesiosis |
| babesia: geogrpahy | south texas, florida |
| babesia caballi: large or small species | large |
| babesia caballi: geogrpahy | worldwide; prb not in US |
| babesia caballi: vectors in n america | dermacentor nitens, D. albipictus, D. variabilis |
| babesia caballi: clinical signs | fever, anemia, icterus, posterior paralysis |
| babesia caballi: LC | sporozoites inoculated by larval ticks during feeding, invade RBC, piroplasms divide in RBC, burst, repeat; adult tick ingest RBC - gamogony, syngamy, transovarian trans in tick, sporozoites in salivary glands of larval tick |
| babesia equi: large or small species | small |
| babesia equi: hosts | horses, donkeys, mules |
| babesia equi: geogrpahy | europe, asia, africa, s america; rarely imported to US |
| babesia equi: extensive outbreak in US in 2009, 2010? | transmission of organisms from horse to horse thorugh contaminated needles & ticks |
| babesia equi: where are meronts found | lymphocytes |
| babesia equi: clinical signs | fever, conjunctivitis, swelling of eyelids, icterus, hemoglobinuria, emaciation; mortality 10-15% |
| babesia equi: vectors | amblyomma cajennense, dermacentor variabilis, boophilus microplus in lab; natural vector a. cajennense |
| babesia equi: control | tick vector control |
| sarcocystis spp: kingdom | protozoa |
| sarcocystis spp: phylum | apicomplexa |
| sarcocystis spp: host | IH: horse (muscle cysts); DH: dog (sporulated sporocysts) |
| sarcocystis spp: indirect/direct lc | indirect (predator/prey) |
| sarcocystis spp: host is horse infected | ingesting sporulated oocysts |
| sarcocystis spp: spp in horse? | S bertrami, S fayeri, S equicanis |
| sarcocystis spp: prevalence | common infection in horses in some env'ts |
| sarcocystis spp: disease | not known to cause disease |
| sarcocystis spp: prevention | keep horses away from canine feces |
| Onchocerca: phylum | nematode |
| onchocera: sf | filarioidea |
| onchocera: two spp | O cervicalis, O reticulata |
| onchocera: where is O cervicalis found in host | adult in ligamentum nuchae |
| onchocera: where is O reticulata foudn in horse | adult in suspensory ligaments |
| onchocera: where are microfilaria found | skin, cornea |
| onchocera: LC direct/indirect | indirect |
| onchocera: vector | culicoides |
| onchocera: ppp | 4-5 months |
| onchocera: pathogenesis | disease assoc w/infecitno given local names (summer mange, equine dhobi itch, allergic dermatitis, etc)- all assoc w/insect bites & nematode hypersensitivity; fistulous withers & poll evil assoc w/infection; skin lesions; pruritus due to dead microfilaria |
| habronema, draschia: transmission (summer sores) | IH: house/stable flies infected with L3, L3 leave fly while it is feeding; enter cutaneous areas such as wound/mucus membranes, lesions develop form host response to aberrant larvae migration |
| habronema, drascia: lesions | seen in warm seasons; common locations - medial canthus of eye, genitalia, wounds; chronic skin granulomas with yellow colored (granular) material in lesion |
| diptera: class | insecta |
| diptera: LC | complete metamorphosis: adult - egg - larvae - pupae |
| musca domestica: common name | house fly |
| musca domestica: mouthparts | sponging |
| musca domestica: where do they breed | horse manure & organic debris |
| musca domestica: where do they feed on host | eyes, genitalia, wounds |
| musca domestica: what do they transmit | salmonella; drashia megastoma, habronema muscae |
| musca domestica: control | sanitation; remove feces/moist organic material from stable area; sprays on breeding places |
| stomoxys calcitrans: common name | stable fly |
| stomoxys calcitrans: where is this the primary biting fly? | stall or in shaded areas |
| stomoxys calcitrans: where do they breed | organic material (moist hay, spilled grain, decaying shavings/manure) |
| stomoxys calcitrans: mouthparts | piercing-sucking |
| stomoxys calcitrans: where do they feed on host | lower limbs usually |
| stomoxys calcitrans: what do they transmit | draschia megastoma, habronema majus, trypanosoma evansi, equine infectious anemia virus |
| haemotobia irritans: common name | horn fly |
| haemotobia irritans: where do they breed | in cattle dung on pasture |
| haemotobia irritans: mouthparts | piercing-scuking |
| haemotobia irritans: what do they feed on | blood; both sexes |
| haemotobia irritans: iportance | irritation causing interruption in grazing |
| haemotobia irritans: where do they spend their time? | on the host |
| haemotobia irritans: do they often enter buildings? | no = horses in barns are not bothered |
| cochliomyia hominivorax: common name | new world screwworm |
| cochliomyia hominivorax: host | all livestock, horses, pets, humans |
| cochliomyia hominivorax: where are eggs deposited | fresh wound; larvae feed on living tissue |
| cochliomyia hominivorax: importance | eradicated from N america; reportable |
| cochliomyia hominivorax: control | local treatment & application of fly repellents & accurate identificatino of larvae is a legal obligation of veterinarians |
| blow flies: list them | cochliomyia macellaria, phaenicia sericata, phormia regina, lucilia, calliphora |
| cochliomyia macellaria: common name | secondary screwworm |
| phaenicia sericata: common name | green bottle fly |
| phormia regina: common name | black blow fly |
| blow flies: where do they breed | in carrion or infest devitalized tissues, urine or fecal soiled hair |
| blow flies: where are they a problem | pasture, or stable |
| tabanids: list 3 genuses | tabanus, chrysops, hybomitra |
| tabanus spp: common name | horse flies |
| chrysops spp: common name | deer flies |
| hybomitra spp: common name | green heads |
| tabanids: mouthparts | slashing & sponging |
| tabanids: hosts | feed on horses, cattle, deer, etc |
| tabanids: transmits what? | trypanosoma evansi, equine infectious anemia virus |
| simulium sp: common name? | blackflies, buffalo gnats |
| simulium sp: mouthparts | blade-like cutting mouth parts |
| simulium sp: where do they feed on host | prefer host's ears, but will feed on body also |
| simulium sp: where do they breed | flowing water |
| simulium sp: do they enter barns/stables? | rarely |
| simulium sp: pathogenesis | salivary secretions contain toxin which increases capillary permeability; causing death of livestock due to edema of nasal passages & suffocation |
| simulium sp: most activity is when in the year | early spring to summer |
| simulium sp: what do they transmit | venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis |
| culicoides spp: common name | biting midges |
| culicoides spp: mouthparts | blade-like cutting (slashing) |
| culicoides spp: clinical effect on host | assoc w/seasonal dermatitis in horses; some become hypersensitive to culicoides salivary secretions |
| culicoides spp: where do they feed on host | ventral midline; where coarse hairs of mane/tail attach |
| culicoides spp: when in the year are they active? when during the day? | warmer parts of the year; crepuscular & nocturnal periods |
| culicoides spp: what do they transmit | onchocerca |
| mosquitoes: list the genuses | aedes, anopheles, culex |
| mosquitoes: mouthparts | long piercing-sucking |
| mosquitoes: what do they transmit | EEE, WEE, VEE, WNV, Setaria equi |
| lice: class? | insecta |
| lice: host specificity? | host specific - yeach host has its own species of lice |
| lice: when in the year are they more active | winter or cool season problem, when hair coats are longer |
| lice: life cycle | incomplete metamorphosis |
| lice :what life stages occur on host? | all |
| lice: how are they transmitted? | direct contact |
| bovicola equi: common name | horse chewing louse |
| bovicola equi: what is notable? | only species of biting lice encountered on horses |
| bovicola equi: life cycle | incomplete metamorphosis |
| bovicola equi: clinical effect to host | pruritus with rubbing of hair onto fences, feeders, trees |
| haematopinus asini: common name | horse & donkey sucking louse |
| haematopinus asini: effect on host | unthriftiness, rough hair coat, irritation |
| haematopinus asini: what do htey feed on | blood, lymph |
| ticks, order ixodidae: common name | hard ticks |
| ticks, order argasidae: common name | soft ticks |
| order ixodidae: where are eggs laid | in env't |
| order ixodidae: what life stages are on the host | larvae, nymph, adults |
| order ixodidae: where do molts occur | 1 (molts occur on host) or 3 (molts in env't) |
| amblyomma: 1 or 3 host | 3 |
| amblyomma americanum: common name | lone star tick |
| amblyomma americanum: host | large grazin ganimals |
| amblyomma maculatum: common name | gulf coast tick |
| amblyomma maculatum: where does it feed on host | on pinmna of ear of large mammalian hosts |
| amblyomma maculatum: effect to host | vicious biter; extreme pain assoc with bite; one tick will cause a horse to become head shy |
| amblyomma maculatum: ec threshhold | 1 tick |
| amblyomma maculatum: control | ear tags |
| amblyomma cajennense: common name | cayenne tick |
| amblyomma cajennense: geography | s texas to s america |
| amblyomma cajennense: host | horses, cattle, sheep, goats, deer |
| amblyomma cajennense: where are they found on host | dewlap, axilla, udder/scrotum, escutchon |
| amblyomma cajennense: vector of what | Babesia (theileria) equi |
| amblyomma cajennense: whne are they active | march - may |
| dermacentor: 1 or 3 host ? | 1 or 3 |
| dermacentor albipictus: common name | winter tick |
| dermacentor albipictus: host | horses, cattle, deer |
| dermacentor albipictus: one or 3 host | one |
| dermacentor albipictus: when are they active | november to spring |
| dermacentor albipictus: geography | western US |
| dermacentor albipictus: vector of what | equine babesiosis (Babesia caballi) |
| dermacentor (anocentor) nitens: common name | tropical horse tick |
| dermacentor (anocentor) nitens: one or 3 host | one |
| dermacentor (anocentor) nitens: geography | lower rio grande valley of TX, will survive in other parts of the state during the summer |
| dermacentor (anocentor) nitens: host | horse |
| dermacentor (anocentor) nitens: where is it found on host | ear canal, feeds on pinna; when large numbers present may be seen on eye lids, under mane/tail, around anus |
| dermacentor (anocentor) nitens: vector of what | babesia caballi |
| dermacentor andersoni: common name | rocky mountain wood tick |
| dermacentor andersoni: one or three host | three |
| dermacentor occidentalis: common name | pacific coast tick |
| dermacentor occidentalis: 1 or 3 host | 3 |
| dermacentor occidentalis: what stages on host | adults only |
| dermacentor variablis: common name | american dog tick |
| dermacentor variablis: 1 or 3 host | 3 |
| dermacentor variablis: host | nymphs/adults usually feed on small wildlife, dogs, cats, humans; occ horses |
| dermacentor variablis: transmits what | Babesia equi, Babesia caballi (transstadial transmission) |
| ixodes: one or three host | three |
| ixodes: hosts | larvae/nymph feed on small animals; adults feed on large animals |
| ixodes scapularis: common name | black-legged tick or deer tick |
| ixodes scapularis: when are they active | wintr, spring |
| ixodes scapularis: vector of what | Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) |
| otobius megnini: common name | spinose ear tick |
| otobius megnini: hosts | livestock, pets, wild mammals |
| otobius megnini: what stages live on host | larvae/nymphs parasitic, adults live off host |
| otobius megnini: where are they found on host | larvae/nymphs found deep in ear canal |
| otobius megnini: effect to host | otitis media/externa; muscle fasciculation & colic |
| mites: list 4 that affect horses | demodex equi, chorioptes equi, psoroptes cuniculi, sarcoptes scabiei |
| general mite life cycle | egg to egg 3 wks; all stages on host: adult - egg - larva - nymph |
| mite: what stages on host | all stage |
| mites: survival off host? | 15-20 days in cool moist conditions |
| otobius megnini: when are they active? where? | cool areas & during winter |
| demodex equi: host | horse |
| demodex equi: clinical signs | develop in pustules |
| chorioptes equi: clinical signs | leg mange; foot stamping, greasy heel |
| chorioptes equi: where are they found | feathered area of fetlock on draft hroses |
| psoroptes cuniculi: where are they found | ears of horses, goats, rabbits |
| psoroptes cuniculi: clinical signs | head sensitivity, swelling at base of ear, brownish exudate, white specks moving on surface of ear |
| sarcoptes scabiei: type of mite? | burroiwng |
| sarcoptes scabiei: host specificity? | strains are host-specific & will not reproduce on other hosts, but can infest other hosts & illicit pruritic response (cavalryman's itch) |
| what age of horse is more likely to have more parasites | young - less experience in developing a protective response |
| parasites most likley found in foals | parascaris, strongyloides, eimeria |
| what are horses on pasture exposed to that horses in stall aren't | free-living stages of parasites acquired by grazing |
| stalled horses have greater exposure to what? | intermediate host flies w/Habronema infecitons & eggs such as oxyuris |
| what does composting feces do | kill worms, eggs, fly larvae |
| what do dung beetles & birds do | shred feces, destroying large #s of developing larvae |
| strategies for anthelmintic use | periodic deworming at set interval (selects for resistance), strategic deworming when majority of parasite population is in horse, not on pasture; only Tx those w/high egg counts |
| list some management practices to lessen parasite exposure | sanitation, collect feces 2x/wk; stack manure; scatter manure; rotate pastures; prevent overcrowding; better nutrition; mixed grazing w/ruminants; improve husbandry; separate age groups; use anthelmintics until they don't work, then change |
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