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Animal Sciences Exam
Animal Sciences Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 6 Reasons to Domesticate Animals | Clothing, Recreation/Companionship, Work/Power, Fuel, Food, Shelter |
| Percentage of Mice Used in Research | 91% |
| 5 Types of Research being conducted with animals | Transgenic animals, Diseases, Aging, Organs, and Pharmaceutical Production |
| How many species of animals have been domesticated? Which animal is particularly tricky? | Only 14-24 species and zebras. |
| Livestock Numbers: Chickens | 18.4 Billion |
| Livestock Numbers: Cattle | 1.35 Billion |
| Livestock Numbers: Sheep | 1.08 Billion |
| Livestock Numbers: Swine | 0.94 Billion |
| Livestock Numbers: Horses | 59 Million |
| Pet Numbers: Cats | 75 Million |
| Pet Numbers: Dogs | 59 Million |
| Total World Food Supply: Calories? Protein? Fat? | 16% Calories 37% Proteins 45% Fat |
| Income Increase= | Higher calorie dependence on animals; increase animal product consumption |
| 4 Nations Percentage of Calories from Animal Products; Nigeria, Mexico, US, UK | Nigeria: 3% Mexico: 18% US: 27% UK: 30% |
| Percentage of People in Agriculture in Developing Nations? In Developed Nations? | Developing: 54%, Kenya: 74% with 13 Tractors and China: 65% with 995 Tractors Developed: 7%, U.S.: 2% with 4,760 Tractors |
| What 3 Things Increased Productivity in Developed Nations? | Breeding Programs, Nutrition, and Management (Reproduction, Animal Health, Crop yield) |
| Per Capita Food Costs of China, Mexico, Canada, and Denmark | China: 34.9% Mexico: 24.2% Canada: 9.2% Denmark: 27% (due to high taxes and socialism) More Developed the Nation the more reduced the cost of food will be |
| Percentage of World's Agriculture Land is Unsuitable for Crop Production | 60% |
| Turkeys are native to where? | Northern Mexico and Eastern US |
| Male Turkey | Tom |
| Turkey Broilers | 11 weeks to 12 pounds |
| Turkey Tom | 16 weeks to 20 pounds |
| Turkey Layers | 105 eggs annually per hen |
| Top Five Turkey Consumption Countries; Most to Least | Israel, Slovakia, US, France, and Hungary |
| # Ducks Raised Annually in US; Place it was specialized | 22 Million and Suffolk County on Long Island NY |
| Duck Industry has spread to these 3 States... | Wisconsin, Indiana, & Virginia |
| Marketed Age and Weight of Duck | 7 weeks and about 7 pounds |
| 3 Huge Changes in Broiler Industry | Technology, Improvements in Production Practices, and Product Marketing |
| As the number of farms with chickens...the income.... (Fill in ....) | Decline, Increase |
| 4 Commercial Chicken Breeds | Ross, Cobb, Rhode Island (brown) and White Leghorn |
| 4 Ways that Improved Poultry Management | Enclosed Poultry Housing, On-Demand Feeder Line, Mechanically Ventilated Building, and Wire Cages |
| Most Livestock Farmers Own...In the US | Beef Cattle |
| US Beef Industry= Producers +... | Processors + Consumers |
| 4 Specialization into Beef Cattle & Dairy Cattle | Improved Breeds Specialized Equipment Specialized Labor Differing Marketing Requirements |
| Beef Cattle and Dairy Cattle in US (Income) | Beef: 47$ Billion Dairy: 27$ Billion |
| 4 Segments of the Beef Industry | Cow/Calf (Seedstock & Commercial) Backgrounder/Stocker Feedlot Packer |
| Seedstock (Beef Industry): | Breeding Stock Sell Genetics |
| Commercial (Beef Industry): | Majority of beef producers Calve once per year Castrate All Males Raise calves until weaned |
| Backgrounders/Stockers (Beef Industry): | Purchase Weaned Calves Grow Calves on Cheap Forage Sell after gains couple hundred pounds |
| Feedlots (Beef Industry): (DRY AND LITTLE HUMIDITY) | Purchased weaned or backgrounded calves Dry lot High Concentrate diet with mainly corn grain (70%) |
| 6 Beef Breeds: | British, Continental, Angus (prime steak, high maintenance), Hereford (low maintenance), Limousin, and Texas Longhorn |
| Heifer: | Young female about 1 years old |
| Brood Cow: | Constantly used to produce calves |
| 4 Largest Dairy States | California, Wisconsin, New York and Pennsylvania |
| 3 Dairy Breeds: | Holstein-Friesian (most commonly used), Jersey (good for dairy products not really milk), and Guernsey (most protein) |
| Life Cycle of Dairy Cow: | 1st calving at 2 years of age, Gestation: 9 months, 90 days past parturition start breeding them back |
| ATO Dairy | Automatic Take Offs; used on larger farms and hold many cows but needs labor |
| AMS Dairy | Automated Milking Systems (Robots); used on smaller farms and holds small amounts of cows and needs no labor all done by robot |
| Bulk Tank Tested for 4 things: | Somatic Cell Count Bacteriology Freezing Point Drug Residue |
| Swine is the ...behind poultry and beef in consumption | 3rd |
| China, European Union and US produce how much pork, respectively? | 446 million, 156 million, and 66 million |
| Breeds of Swine | Yorkshire (most popular), Landrace, Duroc, Hampshire |
| Iowa has ....% of pigs in US | 30 |
| 4 States known for swine | Iowa, North Carolina, Minnesota, Illinois |
| Swine in the US is located near | The Midwest Region |
| Seedstock (Pig) | Sells Genetics |
| Farrow (Pig) | Sow giving birth |
| Feeder (Pig) | Weaned pig from 50-80 pounds |
| Finishing (Pig) | From feeder to market weight |
| 5 Types of Integrated Stages for the Swine Industry | Seedstock producer Farrow to Weaning Weaning to Feeder Farrow to Feeder Feeder to Finish Farrow to Finish |
| Weaning remove piglet at... | 14-21 days of age |
| 4 Reasons for Increased Production in Swine Industry | Genetics, Nutrition, Management, and Biosecurity |
| Horse Industry: China, Mexico, US | 7 million, 6 million:Mexico and 9 million:US |
| Recreation for Horses: | 25 Billion Dollar Industry in US |
| US Aquaculture | 1.5% of World's Total, Catfish is in Mississippi, Trout in Idaho, and Crawfish in Louisiana (Catfish is a 455$ million) |
| Fishes are...species which means they secrete... | Ammonatelic, ammonia |
| Goats and Sheep are...eaters | Selective |
| Percentage of Sheep in Tropics and Temperate | 40% and 60% |
| Sheep are mainly in...nations? 5 Nations that are leading in sheep industry | Developing; China, Australia, India, Iran, and Sudan |
| 3 Types of Sheep | Meat, Milk or Wool |
| Main US Meat Sheep Breeds | Suffolk (main) and Dorset |
| 6 Nutrient Classes | Water Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Minerals Vitamins |
| Two Types of Water | Free-Choice Water from Feed |
| Types of Carbohydrates | Simple Carbs (Starches) Complex Carbs (Fiber, Cellulose and Hemicellulose) |
| ...different amino acids in proteins | 25 |
| Essential Amino Acids: Pvt Tim Hall | Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, and Lysine |
| Main Macro-Minerals | Calcium, Phosphorous, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine, Sulfur, Magnesium, Zinc and Selenium |
| How many known vitamins? Two Types? | 16 known; fat soluble and water soluble |
| Calcium and Phosphorous are needed for? | Bone and teeth development |
| Sodium, Potassium and Chlorine are needed for? | Electrolytes |
| Sulfur is needed for? | Ligaments and connective tissue |
| Magnesium is needed for? | Bone and enzyme co-factor |
| Fat Soluble Vitamins? | A, D, E and K |
| Water Soluble Vitamins? | All B and C Vitamins |
| Non-Ruminant Animals get their vitamins from where? | Their diet unless they eat their own shit; coprophagia |
| Ruminant Animals get their vitamins from? | Vitamin B is from their rumen bacteria and their Fat Soluble from their diet |
| Humans require how many calories per day? | About 2000 Kilocalories per day |
| Energy Cascade... | Gross Energy to Digestible Energy to Metabolizable Energy to Net Energy |
| Metabolizable Energy is used for... | Homeostasis Locomotion etc |
| Production is another energy use... | Growth, milk, eggs, fetal growth and wool |
| What are Concentrate Feeds? | They are high in energy and very digestible, low in fiber and they're a protein supplement |
| What are Roughage Feeds? | Low digestibility and high in fiber |
| Ruminants get energy from? | Volatile Fatty Acids |
| What parts of the plant cell wall are digestible? | Cellulose: Only ruminants can digest it Lignin: Can't be digested by anyone Pectin: Can be digested by both ruminants and nonruminants |
| Limiting Amino Acids depend on... | Diet |
| Examples of Concentrate Feeds | Corn, Barley, Soybeans, Dried Milk, Oats, Wheat and Molasses/Sugar Feeds |
| Examples of Roughages (Ruminants Diet) | Hays, Straws, Whole Corn Plant or Grass (Silages), Fresh Forages |
| Saturated Fats? | Straight chain, solid at room temperature, and no double carbon bond |
| Unsaturated Fats? | Liquid at room temperature, Straight chain, and 1 or more double carbon bond |
| 3 Factors for Ration Formulation | Species (ruminants, omnivores...etc), Production cycle feeding (gestation, growing...), Cost |
| Ruminants Mouth Features (4 Parts) | Prehensile tongue, bottom incisors, pad on top, and molars for grinding |
| Microbial Fermentation... | Is the enzymatic digestion and utilization of foodstuffs by bacteria in the GI tract |
| 4 Parts of a Ruminant: | 1. Rumen 2. Reticulum 3. Omasum 4. Abomasum |
| Rumen is used for: And the gallons it holds in a dairy cow? | Microbial Fermentation Vat 40 Gallons |
| Abomasum is like... | Our True Stomach & Mucin is made here to protect tissues |
| Ruminant Sheep is one extra part... | Duodenum |
| Reticulum has a ...appearance and traps... | Honeycomb and it traps debris like rocks and metals |
| Omasum has many... and ..is absorbed here. | Many folds and water/vitamins are absorbed here |
| Pseudo Ruminants: | Llama, Alpaca and other new world camelids, they only have 3 chambered stomach |
| Definition of Absorption | Amount of nutrient absorbed following digestion in GI tract |
| Definition of Digestion | Breakdown of foods |
| Definition of Non-Ruminants | Monogastric; they have a single compartment stomach |
| Definition of Ruminants | An animal whose stomach contain 4 compartments (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum): foregut fermenters |
| 3 hormones/whatever in stomach | Pepsinogen, Pepsin and Mucin |
| 3 parts of Small Intestine: DJI | Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum |
| 4 types of Absorption Mechanism | 1. Simple Diffusion 2. Facilitated Diffusion 3. Active Transport 4. Carrier Mediated |
| Cecum is primarily used for... | Hind gut bacterial fermentation |
| The Colon is primarily used for... | Water Absorption |
| In the Poultry GI Tact the Crop is used for.. | Storing Food |
| In the Poultry GI Tact the Proventriculus is used for... | Stomach |
| In the Poultry GI Tact the Gizzard is used for.. | Strong muscle to grind |
| In the Poultry GI Tact the Cloaca is used... | To make urine paste and feces mix |
| In the Poultry GI Tact the Vent is used to... | Where the waste is excreted and the egg exits |
Created by:
wickerhat
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