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Parasit Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| superfamily metastrongyloidea: type of worm? | nematode |
| superfamily metastrongyloidea: class & order | class secernentea, order strongylida |
| superfamily metastrongyloidea: common name | lung worm |
| superfamily metastrongyloidea: life cycle direct or indirect | indirect in most species |
| superfamily metastrongyloidea: what repro stage is passed in feces | eggs larvated when passed by female, but hatch in host, so L1 are passed in feces |
| superfamily metastrongyloidea: what repro stage is passed by female | eggs larvated when passed by female, but hatch, so L1 are passed in feces |
| superfamily metastrongyloidea: where are they found in host's body? | trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pulmonary arteries, venous sinuses |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: superfamily? | metastrongyloidea |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: host? | DH: white-tailed deer (no clinical signs in this host); IH: terrestrial gastropods (snails, slugs) |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: where do they live in host | adults live in venous sinuses of meninges & cranial subdural space |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: geographic distribution | widespread in easter N america, including piney woods of TX and have been seen in other areas of state as well |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: common name | meningeal or brain worm |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: abnormal hosts? effect in abnormal hosts | moose, caribou, wapiti, red deer, reindeer, llamas, mule deer, pronghorn, exotic antelope, sheep, goats; death, ataxia, paraplegia; nervous signs from weakness & ataxia to blindness, paresis, death |
| parelaphostrongylus spp: where do most live in host's body | muscle |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: life cycle (birth to DH) | F deposits eggs in venous sinuses, carried to lungs, entrap in granuloma; larvae coughed up & swallowed; L1 found on mucus coat on surface of fecal pellets; larvae penetrate foot of gastropod, develop to L3, IH eaten by deer while browsing |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: life cycle (DH+) | larvae penetrate GIT wall & (direct migration) cross peritoneal cavity & follow lumbar nn to spinal cord; L3 invade dorsal horns of grey matter, migrate anteriorly. Leave spinal cord 40 days post-infection, go to cranial venous sinuses, produce eggs |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis: prepatent pd | 3 months |
| superfamily ascaroidea: class, order | class secernentea, order ascaridida |
| superfamily ascaroidea: where do they live in host | free in gut lumen |
| superfamily ascaroidea: migration of larvae | hepatotracheal |
| superfamily ascaroidea: life cycle direct or indirect | direct; paratenic hosts may be involved |
| superfamily ascaroidea: what repro product is passed in feces | thick-shelled, single-celled eggs |
| superfamily ascaroidea: what stage is infective? where does it develop? | L2, in env't, may take up to a month |
| superfamily ascaroidea: how well do they do in the env't | can survive for years |
| ascaris lumbricoides: where in host do they live | small intestine |
| ascaris lumbricoides: life cycle direct or indirect? | direct |
| ascaris lumbricoides: family | ascarididae |
| ascaris lumbricoides: eggs | oval, single celled, thick brownish yellow mammilated shell; readily float; not infective until they contain L2 larvae; development in env't takes 1 month |
| ascaris lumbricoides: life cycle to DH | eggs passed in feces; develop to L2 larvae in env't in the egg; eggs viable for yrs; L2 eggs ingested & hatch in small intestine |
| ascaris lumbricoides: life cycle - DH+ | eggs hatch in SI; hepatic tracheal migration; molt to L3 in liver, L3 reach lung by day 10, larvae coughed up & swallowed, return to SI -> final 2 molts, develop to adults |
| ascaris lumbricoides: prepatent pd | 2 months |
| ascaris lumbricoides: clinical signs in host | pneumonitis, eosinophilia, weight loss, icterus, allergic reaction, diarrhea, constipation |
| ascaris lumbricoides: common in man? | one of the most common parasites of man in the world |
| ascaris suum: common name | swine round worm |
| ascaris suum: host | swine |
| ascaris suum: life cycle as related to ascaris lumbricoides | same, but different host; evidence of cross infection (but infection woulnd't make it past human lung) |
| ascaris lumbricoides: host | man, other primates |
| ascaris suum: zoonotic? | evidence of cross infection (but infection woulnd't make it past human lung) |
| toxocara canis: family | ascarididae |
| toxocara canis: where does it live in the host | small intestine |
| toxocara canis: host | canids (DH), especially puppies; numerous mammals, including man, may serve as paratenic hosts |
| toxocara canis: what causes most of the pathology | migrating larvae |
| toxocara canis: public health importance | visceral larva migrans |
| toxocara canis: clinical signs | in puppies: rough hair coat, pot belly, diarrhea, constipation, poor growth rate, rarely obstruction of bile ducts or other hollow viscera |
| toxocara canis: life cycle to ingestion by host | single-celled egg passed in canine feces develops to L2 in 1 month; when egg containing L2 is ingested by canid the age of the host deterimines to a large extent which migratino occurs |
| toxocara canis: what repro product is passed in feces? | single-celled egg |
| toxocara canis: infective stage | L2 |
| toxocara canis: ingestion by puppies less than 5 weeks of age | hepatic tracheal migration, molt to L3 in lung, most to L4 & adult in small intestine |
| toxocara canis: prepatent period | 4-5 weeks if ingested by puppies < 5 wks old; 3 weeks if trans-placental |
| toxocara canis: ingestion by those older than 5 weeks | hepatic aortic migration; no molting in lung; L2 larvae to go somatic tissues; in tissues of bitch, mobilized 35-42 days of preg & transferred to youn g(trans placental is most common) |
| toxocara canis: trans placental migration | most to L3 in fetal liver; migrates to lung then small intestine; eggs passed at 3 weeks of age |
| toxocara canis: transmammary migration | less common than trans placental; only a few L2 enter mammary tissue; no migration occurs in pup, develop in Sm intestine |
| toxocara canis: paratenic hosts & infection of DH | L2 migrate within paratenic host to somatic tissues; canid eats infected tissues; no further migration in dog |
| toxocara canis: public health | human may be paratenic host; hepatic-aortic migration, cause visceral larva migrans; in humans, predilection for larvae to migrate in retina & nervous tissues; damage to retina may cause blindness; condition: visceral larva migrans |
| superfamily oxyuroidea: class & order | class secernentea, order oxyuroidea |
| superfamily oxyuroidea: common name | pinworms |
| superfamily oxyuroidea: where do they live in host | oclon, cecum, rectum |
| superfamily oxyuroidea: hosts | primates, equids, rodents, rabbits, reptiles; none in cats or dogs! |
| superfamily oxyuroidea: host specificity? | very host specific |
| enterobius vermicularis: common name | human pinworm |
| enterobius vermicularis: superfamily | oxyuroidea |
| enterobius vermicularis: how common are they in humans? | most common helminth parasite of humans (usually children) in US |
| enterobius vermicularis: what repro products are passed by female? | eggs (usually at night) around perianal area |
| enterobius vermicularis: best way to discover eggs? | scotch tape test |
| enterobius vermicularis: eggs | oval, usually larvated when seen, slightly flattened to one side |
| enterobius vermicularis: infective stage | L3 |
| enterobius vermicularis: life cycle | adults live in rectum; F crawls out of anus to lay eggs - deposited in perianal area, stuck to skin/clothing; egg develops to L3 infective stage in 6 hrs, viable 20 days; hand-to-mouth/aerosol trans; all development in lg intestine of host |
| enterobius vermicularis: clinical effect to hosts | perianal pruritis |
| enterobius vermicularis: zoonotic? | children get pinworms from other children, not pets!; treat all of individuals in family if one is infected |
| oxyuris equi: superfamily | oxyuroidea |
| oxyuris equi: common name | large pinworm of horse |
| oxyuris equi: host | horse |
| oxyuris equi: eggs | single plug on one end; slightly flattened on one side; not recovered by fecal float - rarely found in fecal bolus bcz female attaches them to perianal area (recover eggs by scotch tape test) |
| oxyuris equi: infective stage | L3 egg |
| oxyuris equi: life cycle relative to enertobius vermicularis | same except diff't host and diff't ways of scratching |
| superfamily spiruroidea: class, order? | class secernentea, order spirurida |
| superfamily spiruroidea: where in the host do they live | stomach or anterior (crop, eye, esophagus) |
| superfamily spiruroidea: eggs | thick-shelled, small, larvated; do not normally float |
| superfamily spiruroidea: life cycle indirect or direct? | indirect |
| superfamily spiruroidea: IH | arthropods |
| superfamily spiruroidea: infective stage | L3 larvae in arthropod |
| superfamily spiruroidea: paratenic hosts? | common |
| physaloptera spp.: superfamily | spiruroidea |
| physaloptera spp.: hosts | carnivorous mammals, birds, reptiles, cats, skunks, occ dogs |
| physaloptera spp.: diagnosis | eggs do not float well, may be recovered by sedimentation; more commonly detected by endoscopy or ID vomited worms |
| physaloptera spp.: life cycle to DH | small eggs passed in feces, contain L1, ingested by coprophagous insects (usually bettle larvae), host eats insect = infection |
| physaloptera spp.: repro product passed in feces | small eggs |
| physaloptera spp.: life cycle - DH+ | host eats infected arthropod; L2 larvae released, develop to adults & embed in mucosa of stomach wall; gastric ulcer formed; resulting gastritis may be assoc w/vomiting |
| superfamily filarioidea: class, order | class secernentea, order spirurida |
| superfamily filarioidea: where do they live in host | outside alimentary canal (extra-intestinal); blood vessels, lymphatics, body cavities, ligaments, connective tissue |
| superfamily filarioidea: what repro product is found in feces? | repro products are not found in feces |
| superfamily filarioidea: hosts | DH: mammals, birds; IH: hematophagous (blood sucking) insects |
| superfamily filarioidea: what repro product do females pass | viviparous; produce microfilaria |
| superfamily filarioidea: microfilariae | L1 larvae; in blood, lymph, skin |
| superfamily filarioidea: direct or indirect life cycle | indirect |
| superfamily filarioidea: life cycle | F in DH produce microfilaria (L1); IH ingest L1, develop to L3 w/in malphigian tubules, thoracic mm, or fat body of IH; L3 is infective to DH & is inoculated into feeding wound/deposited on skin & crawls into wound; molt during migration/@ final site |
| superfamily filarioidea: what repro product do females pass? | microfilaria (L1 larvae); viviparous |
| superfamily filarioidea: infective stage | L3 to DH |
| superfamily filarioidea: resistance? | DH become resistant to reinfection & may kill microfilaria (diff't mechanism than resistance); little correlation btwn # microfilaria & # adults; ability to kill microfilaria may be to the detriment of the host |
| dirofilaria immitis: common name | heartworm |
| dirofilaria immitis: where do they live in host | adults in right vetnricle and *pulmonary arteries* |
| dirofilaria immitis: host | IH: mosquito; DH: dogs, sea lions, cats, ferrits |
| dirofilaria immitis: Dx | microfilariae in blood; best recovered & ID'ed by modified Knott test or filtration test; Ag, excretory/secretory products of adult F; thoracic radiography; ultrasound; some L1+ dogs are Ag-; preventative drugs sterilize F = afilaremic but many adults |
| dirofilaria immitis: where are microfilariae found? | blood |
| dirofilaria immitis: life cycle to DH | L1 in dog's blood picked up when mosquito feeds; develop to L3 in mosquito (2 wks, 80F), mosquito feeds on susceptible host, deposit L3 on skin & crawls into feeding site wound |
| dirofilaria immitis: life cycle - DH+ | L3 molts appx 1 week post infection to L4, migrates in subQ tissue, molts to L5/adult stage 60-70 days post-infection; 3 mo's post-inf - migrate perivascularly to right heart, pulmonary arteries |
| dirofilaria immitis: prepatent pd | 6 months |
| dirofilaria immitis: disease | large #s larvae arrive in <3 together = venacaval syndrome (like shock); usual disease = chronic progressive; proliferation of intima of pulmonary aa, occlude smaller brr; pulmonary hypertension -> R <3 hypertrophy & failure |
| dirofilaria immitis: migration to unusual sites | in unusual hosts (cat); anterior chamber of eye, ventricles of brain, lung, etc |
| dirofilaria immitis: what causes disease? | adult worms |
| dirofilaria immitis: problems with Dx | based on finding adult F antigens or microfilaria, neither of which are present until 6 months post-infection |
| dirofilaria immitis: treatment contraindications | some drugs are CI in a microfilaremic dog bcz they rapidly kill microfilaria = shock, death (milbemycin/interceptor, selamectin/revolution, moxidectin/advantage multi); adulticide Tx use arsenic compounds that are toxic |
| dirofilaria immitis: monthly reventatives | macrolides; effective against L3 & L4 stages but are largely ineffective against adults |
| superfamily trichuroidea: class, order | class enoplida, order trichocephalida |
| superfamily trichuroidea: eggs | polar plugs (both sides); exception - genus trichinella produces larvae |
| Trichuris spp: superfamily | trichuroidea |
| Trichuris spp: common name | whipworm |
| Trichuris spp: host specific? | reasonably host-specific |
| Trichuris spp: where do they live in host | cecum |
| Trichuris spp: hosts | most domestic mammals (except the horse!) |
| Trichuris spp: host specificity? | each host has its own species of trichuris |
| Trichuris suis: host | pig |
| Trichuris vulpis: host | dog |
| Trichuris trichiura: host | human |
| Trichuris spp: eggs | barrel shaped w/bipolar plugs, usually brown/golden; heaviest of nematode eggs that float; require specific gravity of 1.18; thick shell; single cell |
| Trichuris spp: life cycle direct or indirect | direct |
| Trichuris spp: life cycle | egg passed in feces; develop to L1 in 2 wks; L1 egg ingested, hatches, release larvae into sm intestine; larvae enter mucosa of SI/LI, molt to L2/3/4/adult in 3-10 days; adult moves into lumen of cecum, thread anterior end through mucosa, feed on blood |
| Trichuris spp: repro product passed in feces | egg |
| Trichuris spp: infective stage | L1; resistant to env't, can live in evn't for years |
| Trichuris spp: prepatent pd | 3 months |
| Trichuris spp: pathogenic? | rarely; may cause typhilitis & bloody diarrhea (mucoid) in humans, dogs, camels, swine |
| Trichuris spp: what does it feed on | blood |
| Trichinella spp: where do they live in host | small intestine |
| Trichinella spp: direct or indirect life cycle | direct |
| Trichinella spp: what repro products do females lay | viviparous (lay larvae) |
| Trichinella spp: diagnostic stage | encapsulated larvae found in musculature of mammals, esp carnivores & omnivores & some avian spp |
| Trichinella spp: life cycle | larvae encapsulated in striated m are ingested by carnivores, L1 freed from cysts & develop in SI to adults in 2-6days; males copulate & die after 7 days; F penetrate mucosal crypts, produce L1 -> migrate through lymphatics, carried to <3 & skel m |
| Trichinella spp: migration | lymphatic-aortic |
| Trichinella spp: muscle sites of predilection | diaphragm, tongue, masseters, intercostals; skeletal muscle cyst = "nurse cell" |
| Trichinella spp: lifespan of female | produce larvae for up to 6 weeks & dies |
| Trichinella spp: length of infectivity of larvae | encapsulated infectivity in 2-3 weeks; cyst may calcify in 6-9 months or may remain vaible for years |
| Trichinella spp: 4 stages of human disease | intestinal phase, invasion; encapsulation; calcification |
| Trichinella spp: human disease, intestinal phase | adults in SI: with diarrhea, colic, weakness; 1-6 days post-infection |
| Trichinella spp: human disease, invasion phase | female in mucosa, begin producing larvae; edema, myositis; edema is espeically noticed in periorbital area; 7-12 days post infection |
| Trichinella spp: human disease, encapsulation phase | capsule forms around larva w/in muscle cell: myocarditis, myositis, nerological signs; 5-6 weeks |
| Trichinella spp: human disease, calcification phase | encapsulated larvae; 6 months to 6 years |
| Trichinella spp: how do humans get the disease | eating raw/undercooked pork, bear meat, seal/walrus meat |
| Trichinella spp: how is it sustained in nature? | rodents become infected by cannibalism or coprophagy of infected carnivores; seals/walruses infected from L1 in sea water |
| Trichinella spp: resistance | resistant to repeat infections after initial exposure bcz adults do not survive long enough to produce larvae |
| Trichinella spp: how to kill larvae | cook meat at 37C/170F or freeze at -15C/5F for 20 days; irradiation; salting/drying at various temperatures |
| Trichinella spp: detecting larvae | europe - swine examined by trichinoscope to find larvae in diaphragm (misses low levels of parasites); serologic testing or pepsin digest of muscle detects lower numbers |
| Phylum platyhelminthes: common name | flatworms |
| Phylum platyhelminthes: digestive tract? | incomplete (lack anus) or absent |
| Phylum platyhelminthes: diecious or monoecious? | monoecious |
| Phylum platyhelminthes: direct or indirect life cycle? | indirect |
| class turbellaria: phylum? | platyhelminthes |
| class turbellaria: common name | free-living carnivorous flat worms |
| Bipalium kewense: class/phylum? characteristics? | turbellaria, platyhelminthes; flat-striped land planarian that feeds on earthworms; occ ingested by cats which vomit them; not parasitic |
| class eucestoda: phylum? | platyhelminthes |
| class eucestoda: common name | tapeworms |
| class eucestoda: digestive organs? | none |
| scolex | head (cestoda/tapeworms) |
| strobile | body (cestoda/tapeworms) |
| proglottid | segment (cestoda/tapeworm); each contains one or more sets of repro organs; continually produced by asexual budding from the anterior; as they mature either gravid proglottids or eggs are expelled from posterior end |
| class eucestoda: monoecious or dioecious | monoecious |
| class eucestoda: body cavity | none; reproductive cavity embedded in parenchyma |
| class eucestoda: mouth/alimentary tract? | none; nutrition absorbed through cuticle |
| class eucestoda: how does worm attach? | scolex; 4 suckers (acetabulae) or two elongate slits (bothria); rostellum with hooks may be present for aid in attachment |
| class eucestoda: direct or indirect life cycle? | indirect |
| class eucestoda: where do they life in host? | intestinal tract of DH; tissues of IH |
| order cyclophyllidea: class? | eucestoda |
| order cyclophyllidea: what is on the scolex? | 4 suckers and a rostellum (may be armed with hookes, unarmed w/o hooks, or retractable & armed) |
| order cyclophyllidea: what are passed in feces? | gravid segments, not eggs |
| order cyclophyllidea: when is a segment mature? | production of sperm and eggs; immature segments contain developing reproductive organs of both segments |
| order cyclophyllidea: what happens in a gravid proglottid? | uterus fills with eggs & repro organs atrophy; breaks off & passed out of host in feces; moves away from feces |
| order cyclophyllidea: how are eggs expelled? | through a genital pore, or segment splits open releasing eggs (outside host body) into env't |
| order cyclophyllidea: how does it do in env't? | eggs have thin outer membranes which are often lost, but enbryophore is resistant to env't |
| order cyclophyllidea: embryophore | contrains hexacanth embryo, a larval stage w/6 hooks |
| order cyclophyllidea: identification? | egg or embryophore of cyclophyllidean tapeworms will float & can be identified by the presence of hooks of hexacanth embryo; proglottids observed in fresh feces more commonly than eggs on fecal float |
| order cyclophyllidea: life cycle | IH ingests embryophore, releases hexacanth; hexacanth migrates through intestinal tract of IH to predilection site w/in host's body; DH ingests IH |
| family dilepididae: order/class? | order cyclophyllidea, class eucestoda |
| dipylidium caninum: family? order? class? | family dilepididae, order cyclophyllidea, class eucestoda |
| dipylidium caninum: common name? | double pored tapeworm |
| dipylidium caninum: host? | DH: dogs, cats, occ humans; IH: flea (larvae) |
| dipylidium caninum: body cavity? | none |
| dipylidium caninum: monoecious or dioecious | monoecious |
| dipylidium caninum: where in the host do they live? | small intestine of DH (attach by armed rostellum & suckers) |
| dipylidium caninum: how many complete sets of repro organs per proglottid? | 2 |
| dipylidium caninum: relative length/width of segments (immature vs adult) | immature: wider than long; mature: square/elongate |
| dipylidium caninum: how many pores per proglottid? | 2; one on each side |
| dipylidium caninum: repro product | egg baskets; each egg contains hexacanth embryo |
| dipylidium caninum: larval stage | cysticercoid; develop in flea |
| dipylidium caninum: life cycle to IH | gravid proglottids crawl out of anus of DH & cause perianal pruritus; if segment is crushed, release eggs (also due to movement of proglottid); fleas & lice serve as IH |
| dipylidium caninum: clinical symptoms | perianal pruritus; scootching butt |
| dipylidium caninum: IH | fleas, lice |
| dipylidium caninum: most common IH | ctenocephalides felis (common cat flea) |
| dipylidium caninum: life cycle IH - DH | flea larvae ingest embryophore; hexacanth embryo tears through GIT of flea, becomes cysticercoid; by the time flea larvae has pupated & emerged as an adult flea, cysticercoid is infective |
| dipylidium caninum: define cysticercoid | solid cyst-like structure containing the protoscolex |
| dipylidium caninum: life cycle DH + | DH becomes infected by eating adult flea containing a cysticercoid; protoscolex is freed w/in intestine, and attaches to intestinal wall & begins development; gravid segments will be produced in 2-4 weeks |
| family taeniidae: class, order? | class eucestoda, order cyclophyllidea |
| taenia saginata: family, order, class? | family taeniidae, order cyclophyllidea, class eucestoda |
| taenia saginata: common name | beef tapeworm; beef measles |
| taenia saginata: where is it found in host | small intestine of DH (human); prefer mm with high blood flow (masseter, tongue, heart, diaphragm) but any muscle will do in IH |
| taenia saginata: host | DH: human, IH: cow |
| taenia saginata: what is on the scolex | 4 suckers; unarmed (other taenia species have armed scolices) |
| taenia saginata: proglottids have how many pores? | 1 |
| taenia saginata: how many sets of repro organs in mature proglottids? | 1 |
| taenia saginata: what is in a gravid proglottid | lost all repro organs except egg-filled uterus (branched) |
| taenia saginata: DH | human |
| taenia saginata: what kind of repro occurs in DH? | sexual (to produce egg) |
| taenia saginata: egg | golden brown, round, thick walled; radial striations, 6 hooks |
| taenia saginata: clinical symptoms in DH | increased flatulence; perianal pruritus |
| taenia saginata: IH | cattle; lives in muscle |
| taenia saginata: what stage is found in IH | cysticercus (larva); small fluid-filled sac-like structure; szie of a pea; invaginated protoscolex |
| taenia spp: specificity | each species is specific as to its type of larvae, the organ it is found in, and its IH |
| taenia saginata: life cycle | adult lives in SI of man; shed proglottids (most passed in feces, some migrate); cow eat eggs in env't; hexacanth embryos enter intestinal wall, picked up by circulation, carried to m capillaries; cysticercus develops in m; infective 10 wks later |
| taenia saginata: how many eggs produced each day | 10 proglottids having 80,000 eggs each |
| taenia saginata: survival in env't | eggs can survive for several months |
| taenia saginata: time to infectivity | 10 weeks after infection |
| taenia saginata: mm most affected in IH | masseters, heart, tongue, diaphragm |
| taenia saginata: source of infection for humans | raw/undercooked beef |
| taenia spp: define cysticercus | translucent fluid-filled cyst with single protoscolex (mammals) |
| taenia spp: define coenurus | translucent fluid-filled cyst with multiple protoscolices (inverted scolicies); mammals |
| echinococcus: define hydatid cyst | opaque, thick walled, fluid-filled cyst with numerous protoscolices w/in daughter cysts (mammals) |
| many genera: define cysticercoid | solid cyst with single interverted scolex; invertebrate |
| mesocestoides: define tetrathyridium | long flattened larvae; vertebrate |
| taeniids of dogs/cats | each have their own spp of Taenia; DH; have worm in SI; ruminants/swine/rabbits are IH for canine, rodents are IH for cat; armed scolices |
| taenia & echinococcus eggs | cannot be differentiated |
| Taenia multiceps: host | IH sheep, DH dog |
| taenia pisiformis: host | IH rabbit, DH dog |
| taenia taeniaeformis: host | IH rodent, DH cat |
| echinococcus granulosus: disease caused | hydatid disease (in IH) |
| echinococcus granulosus: IH | ruminants, swine, macropods, equids, humans; only infected by ingesting eggs passed (in feces) by canids |
| echinococcus granulosus: DH | canids only; become infected by ingesting hydatid cyst in raw offal of IH |
| echinococcus granulosus: where is adult in DH | small intesting of canids |
| echinococcus granulosus: what is on scolex | 4 suckers, armed rostellum |
| echinococcus granulosus: how many pores per segment | one lateral pore per segment |
| echinococcus granulosus: pathology in canids | none |
| echinococcus granulosus: subspecies DH/IH | predator/prey relationships: reindeer/wolves, wallabies/dingoes, horses/hounds, ruminants/canids |
| echinococcus granulosus: what strain is most often passed to humans? | dog/Artiodactyla strain |
| echinococcus granulosus: zoonotic? | yes; very important in many countries; can overtake human's liver, takes many years (= not a problem in sheep bcz of shorter lifespan) |
| echinococcus granulosus: hydatid cyst | stage in IH; fluid-filled, thick-walled, opaque cyst w/germinal membrane; brood capsules, & daughter cysts develop from germinal membrane & contain numerous scolices; hydatid sand = free scolices in cyst fluid; in liver 70%, lungs 25% |
| echinococcus granulosus: life cycle -> IH | proglottids passed in canid feces, eggs released -> IH ingests embryophore w/in egg; hexacanth embryo carried to tissues, cyst develops, produces indiv protoscolices & daughter cysts from germinal layer w/in inner wall; host forms thick wall around cyst |
| echinococcus granulosus: life cycle IH to DH | hydatid cyst is formed in IH; canid ingests cyst in IH |
| echinococcus granulosus: how does man become infected | ingestion of eggs, not cyst |
| echinococcus granulosus: cases in US | arizona, california, nevada, utah; coyotes & sheep dogs, deer & sheep; Navajos, Basque shepherds or their families; mule deer-wolf cycle in Rocky Mountain states |
| echinococcus granulosus: diagnosis | ruminants - cysts found postmortem; dogs-ID adults purged from intestines of a canid, eggs same as taenia |
| echinococcus granulosus: treatment | none in ruminants; praziquantel/epsiprantel in dogs; surgical removal of cysts in man, don't rupture cyst - can cause more cysts; man - metronidazole, albendazole |
| echinococcus granulosus: control | prevent ingestion of raw offal by canids; coyote control |
| echinococcus multilocularis: host | dog/fox, rodent cycle; cats may serve as definitive hosts |
| echinococcus multilocularis: public health? | serious! multilocular cyst acts as invading tumor in humans |
| echinococcus multilocularis: Tx/control | same as echinococcus granulosus, good hygiene |
| class trematoda: common name | flukes |
| class trematoda: direct or indirect life cycle | indirect |
| class trematoda: IH | snails |
| class trematoda: body shape | flat, unsegmented |
| class trematoda: body cavity? | none; organs embedded in parenchyma |
| class trematoda: suckers? | oral & ventral |
| class trematoda: common organs useful in ID | suckers, caeca, testes, ovary, uterus, vitaline glands |
| subclass digenea: class? | trematoda |
| subclass digenea: host | larval stages in mollusk, asexual reproduction (IH); adult stages in vertebrates, sexual reproduction (DH) |
| subclass digenea: monoecious or dioecious | monoecious (except family Schistosomatidae) |
| subclass digenea: how do they attach to host? | acetabulum (ventral sucker) |
| subclass digenea: GIT? | mouth; blind alimentary tract; no anus |
| family fasciolidae: class | trematoda |
| family fasciolidae: life cycle direct/indirect? | indirect |
| fasciola hepatica: how many intermediate hosts? | 1 |
| fasciola hepatica: common name | common liver fluke |
| fasciola hepatica: where is it found in host? | bile ducts |
| fasciola hepatica: what is notable about its organs? | caeca, ovary, testes all branched |
| fasciola hepatica: eggs | large, golden brwn, have operculum (cap) at one end; best recovered by sedimentation |
| fasciola hepatica: effect on host | bile ducts become enlarged, thickened, calcified in chronic infections |
| fasciola hepatica: DH | ruminants & other spp, incl man; sexual repro to produce egg |
| fasciola hepatica: IH | lymnaeid snails; larval stages in snail produced by asexual repro; right handed, triangular antennae; amphibious, prever slightly acidic slow-omving water; live in overflows, drainage ditches, foot prints, tire tracks |
| fasciola hepatica: life cycle (egg to miracidium) | adults in bile duct, produce eggs, expelled in feces; larvae devel req's temp > 10C, 9-15 days; egg hatches in fresh water in daylight; ciliated larva (miracidium) escapes egg through operculum & must find suitable snail w/in a few hours or it dies |
| define miracidium | ciliated larvae; wrt fasciola hepatica |
| fasciola hepatica: life cycle (miracidium - cercaria) | miracidium penetrates snail's foot, loses cilia & transforms into sporocyst; redia produced by asexual repro, go to hepatopancreas & may divide into daughter redia; cercaria produced by asexual repro w/in redia (devel 5-8 wks, temp > 10C) |
| define sporocyst | sac-like structure; wrt fasciola hepatica; after miracidium |
| fasciola hepatica: life cycle (cercaria - marita) | cercaria expelled from snail into water; attach to undewater object, lose tail, become encysted metacercaria; DH ingests metacercaria, larval fluke (marita) exits cyst in SI & direct migration in peritoneal cavity 3-4 days -> parenchyma of liver |
| fasciola hepatica: life cycle (marita+) | wanders through liver for 6 weeks, then enters bile duct & matures; adults feed on blood in lumen of bile ducts; eggs exreted w/bile, passed in feces |
| fasciola hepatica: prepatent pd | 10-12 weeks or longer (cattle); 8 weeks (sheep) |
| fasciola hepatica: how long do adults survive in host | years in sheep, up to 2 years in young catle, 6 months or less in cattle which have been repeatedly exposed to infection |
| fasciola hepatica: disease due to larva | may occur during larval migraiton due to tissue destruction & blood loss; secondary disease caused by clostridium spp which proliferate in damaged hepatic tissues |
| fasciola hepatica: disease due to adults | chronic fluke disease is assoc w/adults in bile ducts which have become enlarged & thickened; liver damage -> steroids of repro may not be broken down & metabolized = impaired repro performance |
| fasciola hepatica: clinical signs | anemia, hypoproteinemia, edema, progressive weakness |
| fasciola hepatica: tx | drugs we have are only effective when they get to biliary tract -> can cause lots of problems during migration (treatment prevents others from getting infected, not the animal itself) |
| fasciola hepatica: infective stage | metacercaria (when vegetation they are attached to is consumed) |
| family schistosomatidae: class | trematoda (flukes) |
| family schistosomatidae: common name | blood flukes |
| family schistosomatidae: where are they found in host? | veins of mammals & birds |
| family schistosomatidae: monoecious or dioecious | dioecious |
| family schistosomatidae: males vs femals | male more robust; male elongate w/longitudinal groove (gynecophoral groove) (female lives in groove) |
| family schistosomatidae: eggs | contain miracidium, readily hatch in water; recovered by sedimentation using saline (eggs hatch in water) |
| schistosoma mansoni: where are they found in the host? | mesenteric veins |
| schistosoma mansoni: DH | man, primates, rodents; sexual production to produce egg |
| schistosoma mansoni: IH | discoidal snail; asexual repro; snails love water |
| schistosoma mansoni: eggs | large lateral spine, lack operculum |
| schistosoma mansoni: infective stage | forked tail cercaria by skin penetration |
| schistosoma mansoni: life cycle (egg to miracidium) | M/F adults live paired in mesenteric vv; eggs penetrate wall of mesenteric vv; lateral spine & enzymes help in escape; pass through gut wall, excreted in feces; miracidium develops during passage, egg must be in water to hatch |
| schistosoma mansoni: life cycle (miracidium+) | ciliated miracidium penetrate discoidal snails, 2 generations of sporocyts -> forked-tailed cercaria released from snail; DH infected via skin penetration (enzyme-aided); lose tails & become schistosomules -> lymphatics -> <3-aorta-liver - mesenteric vv |
| schistosoma mansoni: prepatent pd | 6 weeks |
| schistosoma mansoni: how long can it live in host? | 30 years if untreated |
| define schistosomules | immature flukes |
| schistosoma mansoni: what happens to eggs which fial to penetrate venules into gut wall? | carried to liver; granulomas form around eggs -> portal hypertension, hepatosplenomegaly; granulomatous hepatitis |
| schistosomes: common places to live in host | mesenteric veins, urinary bladder; humans, mammals, birds |
| trapper's itch, swimmer's itch | caused by Heterobilharzia americana, a schistosome of raccoons, nutria, dogs; penetrate skin of humans but can't go farther |
| Heterobilharzia americana: host | underdiagnosed schistosome of dogs; |
| Heterobilharzia americana: effect on host | intermittent bloody diarrhea, mypercalcemia; |
| Heterobilharzia americana: egg | eggs contain fully developed miracidium, round to oval, not operculate, lack spine; best recovered by sedimentation using physiological saline; egg containing miracidium readily hatches in water |
| phylum acanthocephala: common name | thorny-headed worms |
| class trematoda: phylum? | platyhelminthes |
| phylum acanthocephala: body type? | pseudo segmented; retractable proboscis covered with hook |
| phylum acanthocephala: define presoma | anterior part of worm; consists of neck & retractable proboscis covered with hooks |
| phylum acanthocephala: GIT? | no mouth, no alimentary tract; nutrients absorbed through cuticle |
| phylum acanthocephala: body cavity? | yes; all of parasite except presoma |
| phylum acanthocephala: monoecious or dioecious | dioecious |
| phylum acanthocephala: eggs | elongate, 3-4 layers, contains acanthor (larva, has small spines at anterior end) |
| phylum acanthocephala: what repro product is passed | larvated eggs (acanthor = larva) |
| phylum acanthocephala: indirect or direct life cycle | indirect |
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus: phylum | acanthocephala |
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus: DH | swine |
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus: IH | dung-feeding beetles |
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus: direct or indirect life cycle | indirect |
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus: commonname | thorny headed worm |
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus: eggs | multi-layered, oval; best recovered by sedimentation |
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus: life cycle (egg to cystacanth) | eggs passed in feces; contain acanthor, resistant to env't; hatches when ingested by larval beetles, pass through gut wall, develop as acanthella in haemocoel, mature into cystacanth (mini-adult) (req's 3 months in beetle larvae) |
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus: life cycle (cystacanth +) | pig eats grub/adult beetle; cystacanth attaches to SI wall & grows to adult (2-3 months); hooks anchor worm to gut wall |
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus: prepatent pd | 2-3 months |
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus: males vs females | females bigger |
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus: effect on host | hooks which anchor worms to gut wall cause inflammatory nodule @ attachment site |
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus: clinical symptoms | few parasites = no signs; many = diarrha, blood in stool, anemia, weight loss, peritonitis |
| what is notable about trichonella's larval stage? | intracellular |
| compare repro products of nematode/trematode/cestode | nematode: egg, larvae; tramatode: egg containing miracidium; cestode - egg or segments |
| define kingdom protista | unicellular or colonial organisms; eukaryote |
| subkingdom protozoa: kingdom? | protista |
| Protozoa: what organelles? | membrane-bound nucleus, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane |
| Protozoa: evolutionarily more closely allied with helminths or prokaryotes (bacteria)? | helminths |
| Protozoa: most are free-living or parasitic? | free-living |
| Protozoa: 3 primary functions required for life | nutrition, locomotion, reproduction |
| Protozoa: repro products | cyst (ciliophora, retortamonada); oocyst (apicomplexa); spore (microsporida); no eggs! |
| Protozoa: how are they classified? | location (intra/extracell); location (w/in host); life cycle (direct/indirect); repro (asex/sexual); locomotion & method of motility; morphology (size, shape, # nuclei, etc) |
| define pseudopodia | temproary extentions of cell membrane for locomotion, feeding |
| phylum ciliophora: simple definition | ciliated single-celled organisms |
| phylum amoebozoa: simple definition | single-celled amoeboid organisms |
| phylum retortamonada: simple definition | single-celled flagellated organisms with multiple nuclei |
| phylum parabasalia: simple definition | single-celled flagellated organisms |
| phylum euglenozoa: simple definition | single-celled flagellated organisms with kinetoplasts |
| phylum apicomplexa: simple definition | single-celled organisms with apical complex organelle system |
| phylum microsporta: simple definition | primitive spore-forming single-celled organisms |
| phylum ciliophora: intracell or extracell | extracellular |
| phylum ciliophora: localized where in host | GIT of vertebrates |
| phylum ciliophora: indirect or direct life cycle | direct |
| phylum ciliophora: sexual or asexual repro? | asexual by binary fission; sexual repro by conjugation |
| phylum ciliophora: locomotion? | cilia |
| phylum ciliophora: nuclei? | macronucleus (vegetative) & micronucleus (generative) |
| phylum amoebozoa: intra- or extracellular | extracell |
| phylum amoebozoa: where in host do they live | GIT |
| phylum amoebozoa: indirect or direct LC | direct |
| phylum amoebozoa: sexual or asexual repro | asexual by binary fission |
| phylum amoebozoa: locomotion | pseudopodia |
| phylum amoebozoa: nuclei? | one to multiple nuclei |
| phylum retortamonada: intra or extra cell? | extracellular |
| phylum retortamonada: where do they live in host? | GIT |
| phylum retortamonada: indirect or direct LC/ | direct |
| phylum retortamonada: sexual ojr asexual repro? | asexual by binary fission |
| phylum retortamonada: locomotion? | flagella |
| phylum retortamonada: nuclei? | one to multiple nuclei |
| phylum parabasalia: intracell or extracell? | extracellular |
| phylum parabasalia: localize where in host? | gut or repro tract |
| phylum parabasalia: indirect or direct LC? | direct |
| phylum parabasalia: asexual or sexual repro? | asexual by binary fisison |
| phylum parabasalia: locomotion? | flagella |
| phylum parabasalia: nucleus? | single nucleus |
| phylum euglenozoa: intra or extracell? | extracell or intracell |
| phylum euglenozoa: where do they live in host? | localize in blood and/or tissues |
| phylum euglenozoa: direct or indirect LC? | indirect; often arthropod hosts |
| phylum euglenozoa: asexual or sexual repro? | asexual by binary fission |
| phylum euglenozoa: locomotion? | flagellated cells at some stage of LC |
| phylum euglenozoa: nucleus? | single nucleus, additional extracellular DNA called kinetoplast |
| phylum apicomplexa: parasitic or free-living? | all spp are parasitic |
| phylum apicomplexa: intracell or extracell? | intracellular |
| phylum apicomplexa: place in host? | GIT, tissues, blood |
| phylum apicomplexa: direct or indirect? | direct or indirect |
| phylum apicomplexa: sexual or asexual repro? | sexual & asexual repro |
| phylum apicomplexa: locomotion | no cilia or flagella except for flagellated microgametes |
| phylum apicomplexa: what is it characterized by? | apical complex organelle system |
| phylum microspora: intracell or extracell? | intracell |
| phylum microspora: where in host? | GIT or tissues |
| phylum microspora: direct or indirect LC? | usually direct |
| phylum microspora: sexual or asexual repro? | asexual |
| phylum microspora: locomotion? | no obvious locomotion |
| phylum microspora: what is notable about it? | environmentally resistant spore, unique polar tubule extrusion apparatus; normally parasites of invertebrates, fish, occasionally mammals |
| reproductive products of helminths? | eggs, larvae |
| repro products of ciliates, flagellates, amoeba? | cysts |
| repro products of apicomplexa? | oocysts |
| repro products of microsporidia? | spores |
| phylum ciliophora: free living or parasitic? | most are free-living; few are mutualistic or parasitic (important to herbivore digestion: rumen, equine large bowel) |
| phylum ciliophora: rumen ciliates | ob anaerobe; ruminant GIT; utilize plant CHO's indigestible to mammals; form up to 20% of high-digest protein, supply up to 20% VFAs; newborn don't have rumen ciliates, transmission per os; no cyst stage; source of protein/FA when they die |
| phylum ciliophora: horse ciliates | 75 spp in large intesting; important nutrient supply in equine diet; transmission per os; no cysts |
| Balantidium coli: hosts | swine (usually non-pathogen, may be found in ulcers as secondary invader); man/primates; ratites; dog/rat rarely |
| Balantidium coli: geographic distribution | worldwide; cosmopolitan |
| Balantidium coli: two stages | trophozoite, cyst |
| Balantidium coli: where in host does trophozoite stage live? | colon, cecum |
| Balantidium coli: motility of trophozoite stage | motile; surface covered with rows of motile cilia |
| Balantidium coli: repro of trophozoite | repro by transverse binary fission; conjugation (sexual) |
| Balantidium coli: morphology of trophozoite stage | large, oval, contains many food vacuoles |
| Balantidium coli: cyst stage in the env't | environmentally resistant |
| Balantidium coli: what is the diagnostically important stage? | cyst stage; passed in feces |
| Balantidium coli: repro of cyst stage | non-reproducing |
| Balantidium coli: motility of cyst stage | nonmotile; noninvasive (surface not ciliated) |
| Balantidium coli: infective stage | cyst stage; passed in feces |
| Balantidium coli: life cycle indirect or direct | direct |
| Balantidium coli: transmission | fecal-oral; ingestion of environmentally resistant cysts in food/water |
| Balantidium coli: disease/pathology | often asymptomatic; enteritis, diarrhea, dysentery, trophozoites rarely invasive to large bowel mucosa casing flask-shaped ulcerated lesions -> diarrhea |
| Balantidium coli: diagnosis | ID cysts on stained fecal smears; cysts float on fecal flotation but difficult to ID w/o stain (iodine) |
| Balantidium coli: treatment | tetracycline! rather than the usual antiprotozoal drugs; hygiene; scoop poop; limit fecal-oral trans (trophozoites motile in fresh diarrhea, not env'tally resistant) |
| Balantidium coli: pathogenicity | low frequency in vet situations; occasional pathogen |
| phylum amoebozoa: free living or pathogenic? | most are free-living organisms inhabiting soil & water; may be opportunistically parasitic |
| phylum amoebozoa: how does it get its nutrition? | phagocytosis & pinocytosis of organic material & other protozoa |
| phylum amoebozoa: how do you differentiate between pathogenic & nonpathogenic species? | size of trophozoite & cysts; #/morphology of nuclei in cyst; ingestion of RBC by trophozoite; location in host |
| phylum amoebozoa: control | limit fecal-oral trans; H20 quality good; hygiene; trat w/metronidazole; distinguish pathogen from non-pathogen |
| Entamoeba histolytica: reportable? | reportable in human cases! NIH category B potential bioterrorism pathogen |
| Entamoeba histolytica: host | man & other primates; rarely dog, cat, pig, rodents |
| Entamoeba histolytica: where do they live in host | trophozoites localize in lumen of large intestine (cecum, colon); may be invasive to extra-intestinal locations (LNN, liver, lungs, brain, spleen causing visceral amoebic abscesses) |
| Entamoeba histolytica: geographic distribution | worldwide especially in tropics (found along Tex-Mex border); common in developing countries; assoc w/poor water quality |
| Entamoeba histolytica: trophozoite morphology | amorphous, single nucleus; cytoplasm may contain phagocytized RBC's |
| Entamoeba histolytica: trophozoite repro | metabollically active, replicating stage; asexual repro - binary fission |
| Entamoeba histolytica: invasive stage? | trophozoite, found in tissues |
| Entamoeba histolytica: trophozoite motility? | motile; capable of progressive amoeboid movement |
| Entamoeba histolytica: cyst morphology | round; 1-4 nuclei; phagocytized RBC's |
| Entamoeba histolytica: cyst motility | nonmotile |
| Entamoeba histolytica: cyst in env't | environmentally resistant stage |
| Entamoeba histolytica: infective stage? | cyst |
| Entamoeba histolytica: diagnostically important stage? | cyst |
| Entamoeba histolytica: transmission | fecal-oral; ingestion of cysts in contaminated food/water |
| Entamoeba histolytica: life cycle | cyst ingested -> trophozoite is active stage (large intestine) -> distal GIT has low moisture, low nutrients -> cyst stage |
| Entamoeba histolytica: pathology/disease | serious pathogen of man; rarely seen in domestic animals; acute, chornic, and extra-intestinal stages |
| Entamoeba histolytica: acute disease | severe diarrhea with blood, frequent defecation, straining |
| Entamoeba histolytica: chronic disease | mild abdominal pain, flatulence & intermittent diarrhea, chronic carriers possible shedding cysts in feces; ulceration as it invades GI mucosa |
| Entamoeba histolytica: extra-intestinal disease | trophozoites invade other organs via blood stream producing abscesses in liver, lungs, and other organs/locations; may be life-threatening; systemic infection |
| Entamoeba histolytica: diagnosis | ID cysts on stained fecal smears (must be able to count nuclei); direct smear |
| Entamoeba coli: pathogenic? | non-pathogenic |
| Entamoeba coli: must be differentiated from what parasite | entamoeba histolytica |
| most common amoeba in man | entamoeba coli; 22% of US population; occasionally in other hosts; in large intestine |
| Entamoeba coli: trophozoite morphology | amorphous wiht single nucleus; noninvasive, replicating, motile |
| Entamoeba coli: trophozoite localization in host | localize in large bowel |
| Entamoeba coli: cyst morphology | maybe slightly larger than E. histolytica; up to 8 nuclei |
| Entamoeba coli: diagnostically important stage | cyst |
| Entamoeba coli: environmentally resistant stage | cyst |
| Entamoeba coli: cyst infective or no? | infective |
| Entamoeba coli: cyst motile? | non-motile |
| Entamoeba coli: diagnosis | ID & differentiate cysts (# nuclei) on stained fecal smear |
| phylum retortamonada: common name | flagellates |
| phylum retortamonada: intracell or extracell | extracell |
| phylum retortamonada: reproduction? | binary fission |
| Giardia intestinalis: host | human, primates, dog, cat, reported in other spp (calf, sheep, goat); pet birds - diarrhea (giardia psittaci) |
| Giardia intestinalis: location in host | lumen of small intestine (duodenum); extracellular |
| Giardia intestinalis: geographic distribution | worldwide, important cause of enteritis in temperate regions |
| Giardia intestinalis: inmportance | NIH category B potential bioterrorism pathogen; env't contaminant in water quality; opportunistic infection in immunocomp; zoonotic; reportable! |
| Giardia intestinalis: trophozoite morphology | 2 anterior nuclei; dorsally convex, spoon-shaped w/ventral adhesive disk; 2 paired median bodies, 2 paired axonemes, 8 flagella |
| Giardia intestinalis: what is the metabolically active & replicating stage? | trophozoite |
| Giardia intestinalis: movement | little progressive movement; bounces in place |
| Giardia intestinalis: how does trophozoite do in env't | poor survivability |
| Giardia intestinalis: reproduction | binary fission; trophozoite stage |
| Giardia intestinalis: cyst stage motility | non-motile; no external flagella |
| Giardia intestinalis: morphology | 2-4 nuclei; longitudinal axostyle/axoneme rods, median bodies |
| Giardia intestinalis: environmentally active stage? | cyst |
| Giardia intestinalis: infective stage | cyst |
| Giardia intestinalis: diagnostically important stage | cyst |
| Giardia intestinalis: transmission | fecal-oral; ingestion of cyst, freq from contaminated water |
| Giardia intestinalis: disease | giardiasis, rocky mountain lows; recurrent, prolonged, simple diarrhea (smelly, mushy, large volume); asymptomatic carrier states likely; usually afebrile, sometimes intermittent/recurrent |
| Giardia intestinalis: trophozoites in body | not invasive; sit on enterocyte surfaces in small intestine, interfere w/absorption; impact tight jct'ns; cause leakiness in tight jct'ns between enterocytes |
| Giardia intestinalis: parasitological diagnosis | fecal float (ID cysts) - ZnSO4 sp gr >1.18; wet mount w/iodine (cysts); wet mount of fresh liquid diarrhea (trophozoites - spin/flutter motion w/o progressive motility); distiguish between Giardia & trichomonas |
| Giardia intestinalis: immunological diagnosis | several fecal antigen tests available (Idexx SNAP test, Merifluor IFA test, ELISA) |
| Giardia intestinalis: molecular tests | increasingly used to distinguish strains/assemblages to distinguish zoonotic from strains that preferentially infect one host type |
| family trichomonadidae: phylum? | parabasalia |
| family trichomonadidae: location in host | various locations in host depending on parasite spp; GI tract, repro tract |
| family trichomonadidae: locomotion | multiple flagella (multiple anterior, single posterior); undulating membrane; longitudinal axostyle = rod for cell body stability |
| family trichomonadidae: trophozoite nuclei? | single vesicular nucleus/nucleolus |
| family trichomonadidae: cyst form | no cyst form |
| family trichomonadidae: repro | longitudinal binary fission |
| family trichomonadidae: how are generas named? | # of anterior flagella |
| genera tritrichomonas: family | family trichomonadidae |
| genera trichomonas: family | family trichomonadidae |
| general pentatrichomonas: family | family trichomonadidae |
| intestinal trichomonads: pathogenicity? | usually incidental findings, not pathogenic; sometimes pathogenic in dog/cat |
| intestinal trichomonads: diagnosis | ID of motile trophozoites in wet mounts of feces |
| intestinal trichomonads: motility | jerky, progressive (helps distinguish from Giardia intestinalis) |
| Tritrichomonas equi: host | equidae |
| tritrichomonas equi: where it lives in host | caecul, colon |
| tritrichomonas suis: host | swine |
| tritrichomonas suis: where it lives in host | nasal passages, stomach, caecum, colon |
| pentatrichomonas hominis: host | man, primates, dog, cat, mouse, cattle |
| intestinal trichomonads: transmission | direct ingestion of motile trophozoites from fresh feces (no cysts) |
| tritrichomonas foetus: disease transmitted | bovine venereal trichomoniasis: infertility, low calving rates (economically devastating) |
| tritrichomonas foetus: reportable? | to USDA, TX animal health commission; must have bull testing prior to sale/transport into TX |
| tritrichomonas foetus: host | bovine |
| tritrichomonas foetus: transmission | venereal (coitus, AI) |
| tritrichomonas foetus: location in host | superficial repro organs: vulva, prepuce |
| tritrichomonas foetus: differences in how M/F are affected | bulls - chronic, asymptomatic, minimum impact on fertility; cows - transient, early embryonic deaths & abortion in naive cows, infertility |
| tritrichomonas foetus: diagnosis | culture & microscopy of preputial scrapings; PCR molecular test |
| Trichomonas vaginalis: host | human |
| Trichomonas vaginalis: transmission | venereal/ STD |
| Trichomonas vaginalis: difference in how M/F are affected | vaginitis in women; men asymptomatic; not assoc w/abortions/miscarriages |
| why is Trichomonas foetus more important in a beef herd than dairy herd? | dairy = AI; beef = range conditions, large herd size, prolonged breeding season |
| family trypanosomatidae: phylum? | euglenozoa |
| phylum euglenozoa: common name? | hemoflagellates |
| family trypanosomatidae: two genuses | trypanosoma, leishmania |
| family trypanosomatidae: hosts | arthropod (GIT) & mammalian (blood, spinal fluid, tissues); asexual repro only = no DH/IH |
| family trypanosomatidae: location in host | invertebrates: GIT; vertebrates: blood, spinal fluid, tissues |
| family trypanosomatidae: direct or indirect LC? | indirect |
| family trypanosomatidae: repro | longitudinal binary fission |
| family trypanosomatidae: kinetoplast | extracellular DNA that stains similar to nucleus & serves as distinctive feature when identifying organisms histologically/morphologically; location of kinetoplast vs nucleus useful |
| trypomastigote: family? | trypanosomatidae |
| trypomastigote: genus | Trypanosoma |
| trypomastigote: location in host | vertebrate host blood stream |
| trypomastigote: intra/extracell? | extracellular |
| trypomastigote: where is kinetoplast relative to nucleus | kinetoplast posterior to nucleus |
| trypomastigote: motility | flagellum: extends anteriorly; undulating membrane (whole length of body) |
| epimastigote: family | trypanosomatidae |
| epimastigote: genus | trypanosoma |
| epimastigote: location in host | gut of arthropod vector |
| epimastigote: extra/intracell? | extracellular |
| epimastigote: kinetoplast vs nucleus | kinetoplast adjacet & usually anterior to nucleus |
| epimastigote: motility | anterior flagellum; undulating membrane, 1/2 length of body |
| prostigmagote: family? | trypanosomatidae |
| prostigmagote: genus | leishmania |
| prostigmagote: location in host | gut vector of Leishmania |
| prostigmagote: intra/extracell | extracell |
| prostigmagote: motility | anterior flagellum; no undulating membrane |
| prostigmagote: kinetoplast vs nucleus | kinetoplast nearer the anterior end than the nucleus |
| amastigote: genus | leishmania & Trypanosoma cruzi |
| amastigote: family | trypanosomatidae |
| amastigote: intra/extracell | intracell (in tissues of vertebrate host) |
| amastigote: where does it live in host | tissues of vertebrate host |
| amastigote: shape | round/pear-shaped |
| amastigote: flagellum | degenerated internal flagellum |
| amastigote: kinetoplast vs nucleus | creates a double dot or dot-dash appearance w/nucleus & kinetoplast |
| Trypanosoma spp: stages in vertebrate & invertebrate hosts | vert - trypomastigote; invert - epimastigote |
| trypanosoma cruzi: stages in vertebrate & invertebrate hosts | vert - trypomastigote & amastigote; invert - epimastigote |
| leishmania spp: stages in vertebrate & invertebrate hosts | vert - amastigote, invert - promastigote |
| genus trypanosoma: transmission | salivarian (via saliva/mouthparts/bites), stercorarian (via feces of invertebrate into bite wound) |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: phylum / family | phylum euglenozoa; family trypanosomatidae |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: common names for disease it causes | american trypanosomiasis; chagas' disease |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: hosts | vertebrate: man, dog, wild rodents, small wild mammals; invertebrate: family reduviidae - Triatoma spp (mexican bedbug/assasin/kissing/cone-nose bug) |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: where does the invertebrate host live | nests, under tree bark, high organic materials; endemic in southern US |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: geographic distribution | latin america through southern US; brazil, argentina, venezuela |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: stages in vertebrate host | trypomastigote, amastigote |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: trypomastigote stage is extra or intra cell | extracell |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: where in host is trypomastigote stage | peripheral blood during acute stage of infection; vertebrate host |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: trypomastigote infectivity? | infective to bug vector |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: amastigote stage is intra or extra cell | intracellular |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: where in host does amastigote stage live | phagocytic type cells in tissues (vertebrate host); especially loves cardiac muscle |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: what stage is reproductive? sexual or asexual? | asexual; amastigote (within vertebrate host cell), epimastigote in bug gut |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: how long does amastigote stage live in host | persists in chronic infection |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: transmission is salivarian or stercorarian | stercorarian |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: life cycle | invert ingests trypomastigote in blood meal from infected host; epimastigote replicates asexually in gut, then infects vertebrate |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: how is vertebrate host infected | stercorarian; ingest bug - mucous membrane penetration; transplacental (dog, fatal); transfusion/organ transplants (human) |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: describe the disease it causes in humans? | chagas: acute (swelling, lymphadenopathy; blood replication), latent, chronic (megaesophagus, megacolon, cardaic disease) progressive stages of disease |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: describe the disease it causes in dogs? | chronic, progressive dilitative cardiomyopathy (dysrhythmia/conduction disturbances); acute myocarditis; no intestinal problems (unlike humans) |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: Dx | ID trypomastigotes in stained blood films; seriology; histopathology; thoracic radiography showing cardiomegaly; ECG showing electrical conduction disturbances |
| define DALY | # man-years productive work lost due to infection by a parasite (used in reference to Chaga's) |
| Trypanosoma cruzi: zoonotic? | yes; avoid contact w/infected dog's blood |
| trypanosoma brucei: common name | african trypanosomes |
| trypanosoma brucei: phylum / family | euglenozoa / trypanosomatidae |
| trypanosoma brucei: importance | resurgent human infections in central africa; wildlife conservation (wildlife vs cattle production - farmers kill wildlife); reportable disease! could come in imported exotic hoofstock |
| trypanosoma brucei: reportable? | to USDA & texas animal health commission |
| trypanosoma brucei: geographic distribution | 4.5 million sq miles of Africa in fly belt; 50 million cattle at risk in central africa - limiting factor to cattle production |
| trypanosoma brucei: hosts | vertebrate: man, cattle, wild ungulates; invertebrate: tsetse flies (glossina spp) (only on africa continent) |
| trypanosoma brucei: stages in hosts | vertebrate: trypomastigote (no amastigote stage); invertebrate: epimastigote) |
| trypanosoma brucei: life cycle | salivarian transmission, trypomastigote stage multiplies by binary fission in vertebrate blood, tsetse fly ingests blood meal, epimastigote stage multiplies in mid-gut of fly, move to salivary gland/mouthparts |
| trypanosoma brucei: disease | african sleeping sickness in humans; nagana in cattle; acute fatalities; chronic wasting, poor feed conversion, low repro rates, economic losses |
| trypanosoma brucei: diagnosis | ID trypomastigotes on stained blood films |
| trypanosoma brucei: treatment/control | several drugs effective but serious toxicities; fly control! farmers kill wildlife to protect their flock |
| Leishmania: importance | reportable in humans (visceral disease) |
| Leishmania: geographic distribution | latin america, N africa, southern europe, middle east; in TX, sylvatic cycle (fly/rodent), occasionally dog/cat/man; concern to military in Mid East |
| Leishmania: host | vertbrate: man, rodents, canids (visceral), cats (cutaneous), other wildlife; invertebrate: sandfly genera (Lutzomyia-new world, Phlebotomus - old world) |
| Leishmania: two stages | amastigote (intracell, vert hosts-phagocytic cells), promastigote (extracell, midgut of fly) |
| Leishmania: amastigote stage is extra/intracell | intracell; phagocytic cells of vertebrate host |
| Leishmania: amastigote lives where in host | phagocytic cells of vertebrate host |
| Leishmania: promastigote stage is extra/intracell | extracell |
| Leishmania: promastigote lives where in host | midgut of fly vector |
| Leishmania: direct/indirect LC | indirect |
| Leishmania: life cycel | amastigote ingested by fly while feedign on infected vertebrate host; vertebrate host infected through parasite transmission by fly bite (salivarian) |
| Leishmania: pathology/disease - 3 forms | cutaneous, mucocutaneous, visceral |
| Leishmania: cutaneous disease | chronic ulcerated skin lesions (humans, rodents, cats); ears/face of cat - nodules, not ulcerated: Leishmania mexicana |
| Leishmania: mucocutaneous disease | chronic ulcerated, eroding skin lesions (mouth, nose, rectum, vulva, penis); latin american, human; Leishmania brasiliense |
| Leishmania: visceral disease | chronic debilitating, wasting; parasites in liver, spleen, bone marrow; anemia, hypoproteinemic; fatal; mostly in humans, occ dogs; L. donovani (asia, africa); L. infantum (mediterranean/mid east), L. chagasi (S america) |
| Leishmania: diagnosis | ID amastigotes in impression smears, aspirates, biopsy, histology; tissue culture; serologic tests; specific Ab detection test |
| phylum apicomplexa: genuses in gut | eimeria, isospora, cryptosporidium parvum |
| phylum apicomplexa: genuses in gut & tissue | toxoplasma gondi, neospora caninum, sarcocystitis neurona |
| phylum apicomplexa: genuses in blood | babesia, plasmodium |
| phylum apicomplexa: intra/extracell? | intracellular |
| what phylum has the largest number of most common cprotozoa of med/vet importance? | phylum apicomplexa |
| phylum apicomplexa: direct or indirect LC? | direct in gut; indirect in tissue, blood |
| phylum apicomplexa: apical complex? | organelle system in zoites; important to host cell invasion; conoid + rhoptry |
| phylum apicomplexa: sexual or asexual repro? | both (can use DH/IH) |
| phylum apicomplexa: genera found in the gut are commonly known as? | coccidia |
| genera eimeria: host spp | herbivores, avian |
| genera (cysto)isospora: host spp | carnivores |
| genus eimeria: phylum? | apicomplexa |
| genus eimeria: host specificity? | host specific |
| genus eimeria: location in host? | specific for location in host (SI, cecum, upper LI, etc); GIT; specific for cell type/tissue layer invaded |
| genus eimeria: hosts of veterinary importance | poultry, herbivores (cattle, sheep, goats, piglets, rabbits - primarily young animals) poultry |
| genus eimeria: life cycle direct or indirect | direct |
| genus eimeria: four stages of life cycle? sexual/asexual? | sporogony, merogony, gamogony (all asexual repro); syngamy (sexual) |
| genus eimeria: diagnostic stage? | oocyst |
| genus eimeria: LC - sporogony | oocysts unsporulated, noninfective in fresh feces; asexual replication -> sporocysts w/sporozoites (infective, replicating stage that invade host gut cells) (in env't) |
| genus eimeria: where are oocysts found | in env't |
| genus eimeria: infective stage | sporulated oocysts |
| genus eimeria: sporulated eimeria vs isospora | eimeria: 4 sporocysts each w/2 sporozoites; isospora: 2 sporocysts each w/4 sporozoites |
| genus eimeria: LC - merogony (schizogony) | intracell asex repro: ingested sporulated oocysts excyst in stomach, reslease sporozoites into intestine, asex multiplication = multiple merozoites w/in host cell; 2+ cycles of merogony (rupture host cell, invade other cell, replicate, repeat) |
| genus eimeria: LC - gamogony | development of gametes: merozoites enter into new host cells develop into gamonts containing gametes (macrogamonts w/single macrogamete - beady eosinophilic staining) (microgamonts w/many microgametes - thready basophilic) |
| genus eimeria: LC - syngamy | sexual repro: microgametes fertilize macrogamete = zygote, evn't resistant wall develops = oocyst; unsporulated oocyst released from host cell into feces; in env't sporogony occurs (new cycle) |
| genus eimeria: transmission | fecal-oral; ingestion of sporulated oocyst; must undergo sporogony in env't |
| genus eimeria: clinical signs | enteritis, diarrhea (mucus/blood); poor weight gain, emaciation, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance; secondary bacterial invasion into damaged tissues; generally severe in young (death) |
| genus eimeria: coccidiasis | infected, oocysts found; w/o clinical signs/disease |
| genus eimeria: coccidiosis | infected w/clinical signs +/- oocysts (diarrhea possible in prepatent pd) |
| genus eimeria: coccidiosis in poultry | growing birds in houses; production loss; sample bedding for oocyst counts |
| genus eimeria: effect in cattle | mostly grower cows; diarrhea; sporadic problem in stressed herds; production loss, rarely fatal |
| genus eimeria: what does pathogenicity depend on? | species of emeria; type/maturity of host cell invaded; # meront generations; degree of immunity of host; size of inoculum |
| genus eimeria: immunity | acquired from previous exposure; older animals more likely resistant; stress/concurrent infection will increase chance of disease; size of challenge inoculum of oocysts |
| genus eimeria: Dx | ID oocysts on fecal float (morphology - size, shape, micropyle); unsporulated oocysts in fresh feces, sporulated oocysts in old feces |
| genus eimeria: Tx | prevention/management; add coccidiostats to feed/water; no single treatment is effective (need to be continuous or intermittent administration); poultry - attenuated oocyst, oral vaccine |
| genus isospora: phylum | apicomplexa |
| genus isospora: host | carnivore (dogs, cats, immunocompromised humans); host specific - humans NOT infected from pets |
| genus isospora: LC direct/indirect | direct; same as eimeria (sporogony, merogony, gamogony, syngamy) |
| genus isospora: transmission | fecal-oral; ingestion of sporulated oocysts |
| genus isospora: disease | just like eimeria; enteritis/diarrhea in puppies/kittens, rarely fatal; infection possible in older animals w/o clinical disease |
| genus isospora: Dx | ID unsporulated oocysts on fecal float |
| Cryptosporidium parvum: phylum | apicomplexa |
| Cryptosporidium parvum: importance | NIH category B potential bioterrorism pathogen; reportable in humans |
| Cryptosporidium parvum: clinical signs | diarrea (profusely liquid), usually self-limiting |
| Cryptosporidium parvum: where does it live in host | gut (coccidian) |
| Cryptosporidium parvum: host | not host specific: humans, cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, dogs, cats; zoonotic! especially problem in neonatal animals |
| Cryptosporidium parvum: intra/extracell | intracell, extracytoplasmic |
| Cryptosporidium parvum: infectivity | immediately infective when passed in fecal material -> doesn't have to sit in env't |
| Cryptosporidium parvum: control | EPA - water quality |
| family sarcocystidae: phylum? | apicomplexa |
| family sarcocystidae: where are they found in host | gut & tissues |
| family sarcocystidae: direct or indirect life cycle? | indirect; predator-prey |
| family sarcocystidae: where do they live in mammalian hosts? | tissue & enteric stages |
| family sarcocystidae: oocysts produced where in host? which host? | intestine of DH (predator) |
| family sarcocystidae: asexual stages where? what host? | tissues of IH (prey) |
| Toxoplasma gondii: phylum/family? | apicomplexa / sarcocystidae |
| Toxoplasma gondii: host | DH: cats only; IH: any mammal & birds (esp rodents, swine, sheep, humans - NOT cattle) |
| Toxoplasma gondii: where is it located in DH | intestinal stages (produce oocysts) - small intestine |
| Toxoplasma gondii: intracell or extracell in IH? | intracell |
| Toxoplasma gondii: where does it live in IH? | intracellular; extraintestinal tissues - brain, spleen, liver, muscle |
| Toxoplasma gondii: stages in IH | tachyzoites, bradyzoites |
| Toxoplasma gondii: tachyzoite stage - which host? where? activity? | IH; rapidly replicating (asexual) zoite stage; phagocytic cells; metabolically active |
| Toxoplasma gondii: tachyzoite stage is sexual or asexual repro | asexual |
| Toxoplasma gondii: bradyzoite stage - which host? where? activity? | IH; zoite stage in tissue cysts in chronic, quiescent infections |
| Toxoplasma gondii: geographic distribution | worldwide |
| Toxoplasma gondii: importance | zoonotic potential, public health; food safety; NIH category B potential bioterrorism pathogen |
| Toxoplasma gondii: LC - DH | infected by ingestion of tissue cysts from IH (predation), ingestion of sporulated oocysts; rarely transplacental; merogony, gamogony, sygamy in gut; sporogony in env't |
| Toxoplasma gondii: LC - IH | infected by ingestion of sporulated oocysts, ingestion of tissue cysts from another IH, transplacental transmission of tachyzoites |
| Toxoplasma gondii: disease/pathology | transient, usually asymptomatic in cat; long-term infection w/tissue cysts in IH usually asymptomatic; poss systemic/neurologic/encephalitis disease in immunocomp IH; abortions w/primary infection in early gestation (human, sheep) (transplacental trans) |
| Sarcocystitis neurona: disease caused? | equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM); neurologic disease in horses |
| Neospora caninum: disease caused? | neurologic disease - puppies; abortions/repro problems - cattle; dog/cow cycle similar to toxoplasma gondii |
| family babesiidae: phylum | apicomplexa |
| family babesiidae: where is it found in host | blood |
| family babesiidae: direct or indirect LC | indirect (mammal/arthropod) |
| family babesiidae: host | IH: mammal (piroplasms found in mammalian RBC) (dog, cow, horse); DH: hard ticks |
| babesia bovis: IH | cow |
| babesia bigemina: IH | cow |
| babesia gibsoni: IH | dog |
| babesia canis: IH | dog |
| babesia (theileria) equi: IH | horse |
| babesia caballi: IH | horse |
| family babesiidae: importance | USDA reportable in cattle & horses, NOT dogs - texas cattle fever, important at tex-mex border |
| family babesiidae: geographic distribution | worldwide, depending on particular parasite spp |
| family babesiidae: where do they live in mammalian hosts? | piroplasms (trophozoite) live in mammalian host RBCs (intracell) |
| family babesiidae: piroplasms are intracell or extracell? asex or sex repro? | intracell (in mammalian RBC); asex |
| family babesiidae: LC | piroplasms in RBC multiply asex, lyse host cell, multiple cycles; tick ingests during blood meal, merogony (schizogony) in gut wall, gamogony in tick gut, zoite migrate to tick salivary gland, develop into infective sporozoite stage; may invade ovary/eggs |
| family babesiidae: infective stage | sporozoite |
| family babesiidae: transmission | parasites in tick saliva while feeding on mammal; transovarian (tick F to offspring), transstadial (parasites in tick through molting) |
| family babesiidae: clinical signs | anorexia, listless, weakness, dehydration, anemia; fever; icterus, hemoglobinemia/uria; lysis of RBC's; severe & acute or subacute/chronic; LNN/splenic enlargement |
| family babesiidae: Dx | parasitological: microscopy, ID intra-RBC organisms (piroplasms, usually paired), best in acute stage of disease, carriers may have low parasitemias; Immunological - serology better during carrier state |
| family babesiidae: cow spp are transovarial or transstadial trans? | transovarial; tick is 1 host |
| family babesiidae: dog spp are transovarial or transstadial trans? | transstadial; tick is 3 host |
| family babesiidae: horse spp are transovarial or transstadial trans? | transstadial; tick is 3 host |
| babesia bigemina: importance | texas cattle fever; red water; piroplasmosis; babesiosis; first proven arthropod-borne disease agent; border issues/livestock transport w/mexico & latin america |
| babesia bigemina: vectors | boophilus annulatus, boophilus microplus (1-host life cycle) |
| babesia bigemina: transmission | transovarial; nymphal tick transmits piroplasms |
| babesia bigemina: geographic dist | tropics; mexico through s america |
| babesia bigemina: large or small babesia of cattle? | large |
| babesia bovis: alternate name | babesia argentina |
| babesia bovis: large or small babesia of cattle? | small |
| babesia bovis: vector | boophilus microplus |
| babesia bovis: transmission | transovarial; larval tick transmits piroplasms to next mammalian host |
| babesia bovis: clinical signs? | typical of babesias; additional CNS disturbances |
| family plasmodidae: phylum? | apicomplexa |
| family plasmodidae: where is it located in host? | in the blood |
| family plasmodidae: disease caused | malaria (ague, the shakes); reportable in humans; cyclic fever, chills, anemia/hemolysis, hematuria, often fatal; cerebral disease w/P. falciparum |
| family plasmodidae: hosts | IH: human; DH: anopheles spp mosquito |
| family plasmodidae: species in humans | P. falciparum (most important as cause of death); P. vivax (most common); P. malariae; P. ovale |
| family plasmodidae: LC | sporozoites inoculated into vertebrate (salivarian), zoites multiply asex in liver cells; cycles of replication in RBC; gamogony in RBC of vert IH; gamonts ingested by mosquito DH; syngamy/sporogony in mostquito gut; sporozoites transmitted - salivarian |
| family plasmodidae: transmission | salivarian |
| phylum microspora: importance | NIH category B agents w/bioterrorism potential |
| phylum microspora: pathogenicity | mostly non-pathogenic |
| phylum microspora: intra or extracell? | intracell |
| phylum microspora: how common are they? | ubiquitous in env't |
| phylum microspora: hosts | multiple parasite spp for almost every vertebrate & invertebrate class of animal |
| phylum microspora: characteristic morphologic features | coiled polar tubule & anchoring disk organelles; 3 layered, chitin-coated env'tally resistant spores; membrane-bound nucleus may be single or double (diplokaryon) |
| phylum microspora: transmission | ingestion of resistant spores from env't; congenital transmission (mother to fetus via placenta) |
| Encephalitozoon cuniculi: disease in rabbits | usually causes asymptomatic infections; chronic progressive neurologic disease, head tilt, circling, ataxia; wry neck |
| Encephalitozoon cuniculi: disease in rodents | occasionally asymptomatic infection in lab rodents |
| Encephalitozoon cuniculi: disease in dogs | rarely causes fatal neurologic/renal disease in 5-10 week old puppies; head tilt, circling, head pressing, ataxia, rapidly progressive until death |
| Encephalitozoon cuniculi: disease in humans | rare in immunodeficient humans (systemic or CNS infection) |
| Encephalitozoon cuniculi: Dx | stain feces/urine for spores; histologic ID of organisms in tissue (gut/tissue biopy for intracell stages); EM for definitive diagnosis; serology in rodents/rabbits |
| Enterocytozoon bieneusi | most commonly IDed microsporidian in humans (up to 30% of AIDS patients); intracell in small intestinal epithelium, causes chronic diarrhea |
| Encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis | second most common microsporidial infection reported in man; gut assoc organism causing chronic diarrhea in AIDS patents |
| Encephalitozoon hellem | 3rd most frequently ID'ed organism in immunocompromised humans; respiratory, ocular disease (sometimes systemic/fatal); ID'ed in anumber of avian hosts, might be a bird parasite |
| whta does ctenocephalides felis transmit | dipylidium caninum |
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