Pathophysiology Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Atrophy | Decrease in cell size, resulting in reduced tissue mass Reduced use or stimulation of tissue, aging |
Hypertrophy | Condition: Increase in cell size, resulting in enlarged tissue mass Consistent exercises or excessive hormonal stimulation |
Hyperplasia | Increased number of cells, resulting in enlarged tissue mass Increased demand from the body, excessive hormonal stimulation, inflammation |
Metaplasia | Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type, resulting in a new wall of tissues Vitamin A deficiency, chronic irritations |
Dysplasia | Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue Chronic irritation infection, precancerous change |
Anaplasia | Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures |
Neoplasm | New growth, commonly called tumor |
Ischemia | Deficit of oxygen in the cells |
Hypoxia | Reduced oxygen in tissues |
Exogenous | From environment |
Endogenous | from inside the body |
Abnormal metabolites | − Genetic disorders − Inborn errors of metabolism − Altered metabolism |
Necrosis | The process when a group of cells die |
Liquefaction Necrosis | Dead cells liquefy due to release of cell enzymes |
Coagulative Necrosis | Cell proteins are altered or denatured |
Fat Necrosis | Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids |
Caseous Necrosis | • A form of coagulation necrosis • Formation of thick, yellowish cheesy substance |
Infarction | An area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation |
Gangrene | An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria causing infection. It often leads to amputation. |
Non-specific | • First line of defense - Mechanical barrier - Unbroken skin and mucous membranes - Secretions such as tears and gastric juices • Second line of defense - Phagocytosis - Inflammation |
Specific | - A unique response to specific substances - The third line of defense (an immune response) |
Phagocytosis | a cellular process where phagocytes (a type of white blood cells) surround, ingest, and destroy the microorganism. |
Antibody-mediated immunity / Humoral immunity | Production of specific antibodies - By B lymphocytes |
Cell-mediated immunity | activation of specific types of white blood cells) - By T lymphocytes |
Inflammatory Response: Local Effects | • Redness - Increased blood flow to injury • Swelling (edema) - Protein and fluid move in the interstitial space • Pain - Increased pressure of fluid on nerve and the release of chemical mediators • Loss of function - cells continuously lack nutrients |
Serous exudate | Watery, consists primarily of fluid, some proteins, and white blood cells |
Fibrous exudate | Thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content |
Purulent exudate | Thick, yellow-green, contains more leukocytes, cell debris, and microorganisms |
Abscess exudate | Localized accumulation of purulent exudate in a tissue |
Hemorrhagic exudate | Exudate that causes blood vessels to rupture (pigments of blood) |
Pyrexia | Mild fever - Common if inflammation is extensive - Release of pyrogens |
Inflammatory Response: Systemic Effects | • Mild fever (pyrexia) • Malaise • Fatigue • Headache • Anorexia |
Chronic Inflammation | • Presence of more lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts (white blood cells) • May lead to further tissue destruction • More fibrous scar tissue • May lead to granuloma developing around foreign object |
Treatment of Inflammation | • Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) • Acetaminophen • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) • COX-2 Inhibitors (a newer type of NSAID) • Glucocorticoids |
Therapies for Inflammation | RICE approach - Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation |
Types of Healing: Resolution Regeneration Replacement | • Resolution Minimal tissue damage Tissue returns to normal when damaged cells recover • Regeneration Damaged tissue replaced with cells that are functional • Replacement Functional tissue replaced by scar tissue Loss of function |
Granulation tissue | A tissue that forms during wound healing. It is surrounded by connective tissue and with a rich supply of new capillaries. |
First Intention Healing | - Wounds with minimal tissue loss - Small wound/incision - e.g. Paper cut |
Second Intention Healing | - Wounds that do not easily heal - Large open wounds - e.g. Pressure ulcers |
Complications: Scar Formation Contractures and obstructions | - Scar tissue is non-elastic - Can restrict range of movement - Can cause shortening or narrowing of structures |
Complications: Scar Formation Adhesions | Bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated |
Complications: Scar Formation Hypertrophic scar | - Overgrowth of fibrous tissue - Leads to hard ridges of scar tissue or keloid formation |
Antigens | - Often proteins, polysaccharides, or glycoproteins - On the cell's surface - Usually exogenous - Activates immune system by producing matching antibodies |
Tolerance | Immune system under normal conditions ignores self(belonging to the person) cells |
Specific response | Involves antigens, antibodies, immune cells, chemical mediators Store the specific response in its memory for future reference |
Lymphoid structures | • Lymph nodes • Spleen • Tonsils • Intestinal lymphoid tissue • Lymphatic circulation |
Tissue - Bone Marrow - Thymus | • Bone marrow - Origination of immune cells • Thymus - Maturation of immune cells |
Self antigens | - Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) proteins label cells of the individual - Immune system ignores "self" cells |
Antibodies | Proteins that bind to matching antigens to destroy it |
IgG | Most common in blood |
IgM | First to increase in immune response |
IgA | In secretions e.g. Tears, saliva and mucous membranes, colostrum |
IgE | Allergic response - Causes release of histamine and other chemicals - Results in inflammation |
IgD | Attached to and activates B cells |
Immune cells | - Macrophages - Lymphocytes Are white blood cells that play a role in the body |
Macrophages | • Initiation of immune response • Phagocytic cells - engulf foreign material • Display antigens of foreign material • Secrete chemicals - Activates additional lymphocytes and the inflammatory response • Present in liver, lungs, lymph nodes |
B-lymphocytes | • Responsible for production of antibodies • Matures in the bone marrow - Proceed to spleen and lymphoid tissue • Becomes: - Plasma cells (produce antibodies) - B-memory cells (form clones of plasma cells) |
Plasma cell | Produce antibodies |
B-memory cells | form clones of plasma cells |
T Lymphocytes | • From bone marrow stem cells • Further differentiation in thymus |
Cytotoxic T-killer cells | Destroys antigens |
Helper T cells | Activates B or T cells) |
Memory T cells | Remembers the antigen for re-exposure |
Complement System | • A group of inactive proteins circulating in blood • When activated -> stimulates release of other chemical mediators promoting inflammation, phagocytosis • Causes destruction of antigen or may attach to a microorganism making it ready for phagocytosis |
Chemical Mediators | • Can signal a cellular response or cause cellular damage • Involved in inflammation and immune reactions - E.g., histamine, interleukins |
Titer | Measures levels of serum immunoglobulins |
Indirect Coombs test | Detects Rh blood incompatibility |
ELISA | Detect HIV antibodies |
MHC typing | Tissue matching before transplant procedures |
Created by:
tla
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