Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Pathophysiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atrophy | Decrease in cell size, resulting in reduced tissue mass Reduced use or stimulation of tissue, aging |
| Hypertrophy | Condition: Increase in cell size, resulting in enlarged tissue mass Consistent exercises or excessive hormonal stimulation |
| Hyperplasia | Increased number of cells, resulting in enlarged tissue mass Increased demand from the body, excessive hormonal stimulation, inflammation |
| Metaplasia | Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type, resulting in a new wall of tissues Vitamin A deficiency, chronic irritations |
| Dysplasia | Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue Chronic irritation infection, precancerous change |
| Anaplasia | Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures |
| Neoplasm | New growth, commonly called tumor |
| Ischemia | Deficit of oxygen in the cells |
| Hypoxia | Reduced oxygen in tissues |
| Exogenous | From environment |
| Endogenous | from inside the body |
| Abnormal metabolites | − Genetic disorders − Inborn errors of metabolism − Altered metabolism |
| Necrosis | The process when a group of cells die |
| Liquefaction Necrosis | Dead cells liquefy due to release of cell enzymes |
| Coagulative Necrosis | Cell proteins are altered or denatured |
| Fat Necrosis | Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids |
| Caseous Necrosis | • A form of coagulation necrosis • Formation of thick, yellowish cheesy substance |
| Infarction | An area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation |
| Gangrene | An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria causing infection. It often leads to amputation. |
| Non-specific | • First line of defense - Mechanical barrier - Unbroken skin and mucous membranes - Secretions such as tears and gastric juices • Second line of defense - Phagocytosis - Inflammation |
| Specific | - A unique response to specific substances - The third line of defense (an immune response) |
| Phagocytosis | a cellular process where phagocytes (a type of white blood cells) surround, ingest, and destroy the microorganism. |
| Antibody-mediated immunity / Humoral immunity | Production of specific antibodies - By B lymphocytes |
| Cell-mediated immunity | activation of specific types of white blood cells) - By T lymphocytes |
| Inflammatory Response: Local Effects | • Redness - Increased blood flow to injury • Swelling (edema) - Protein and fluid move in the interstitial space • Pain - Increased pressure of fluid on nerve and the release of chemical mediators • Loss of function - cells continuously lack nutrients |
| Serous exudate | Watery, consists primarily of fluid, some proteins, and white blood cells |
| Fibrous exudate | Thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content |
| Purulent exudate | Thick, yellow-green, contains more leukocytes, cell debris, and microorganisms |
| Abscess exudate | Localized accumulation of purulent exudate in a tissue |
| Hemorrhagic exudate | Exudate that causes blood vessels to rupture (pigments of blood) |
| Pyrexia | Mild fever - Common if inflammation is extensive - Release of pyrogens |
| Inflammatory Response: Systemic Effects | • Mild fever (pyrexia) • Malaise • Fatigue • Headache • Anorexia |
| Chronic Inflammation | • Presence of more lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts (white blood cells) • May lead to further tissue destruction • More fibrous scar tissue • May lead to granuloma developing around foreign object |
| Treatment of Inflammation | • Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) • Acetaminophen • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) • COX-2 Inhibitors (a newer type of NSAID) • Glucocorticoids |
| Therapies for Inflammation | RICE approach - Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation |
| Types of Healing: Resolution Regeneration Replacement | • Resolution Minimal tissue damage Tissue returns to normal when damaged cells recover • Regeneration Damaged tissue replaced with cells that are functional • Replacement Functional tissue replaced by scar tissue Loss of function |
| Granulation tissue | A tissue that forms during wound healing. It is surrounded by connective tissue and with a rich supply of new capillaries. |
| First Intention Healing | - Wounds with minimal tissue loss - Small wound/incision - e.g. Paper cut |
| Second Intention Healing | - Wounds that do not easily heal - Large open wounds - e.g. Pressure ulcers |
| Complications: Scar Formation Contractures and obstructions | - Scar tissue is non-elastic - Can restrict range of movement - Can cause shortening or narrowing of structures |
| Complications: Scar Formation Adhesions | Bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated |
| Complications: Scar Formation Hypertrophic scar | - Overgrowth of fibrous tissue - Leads to hard ridges of scar tissue or keloid formation |
| Antigens | - Often proteins, polysaccharides, or glycoproteins - On the cell's surface - Usually exogenous - Activates immune system by producing matching antibodies |
| Tolerance | Immune system under normal conditions ignores self(belonging to the person) cells |
| Specific response | Involves antigens, antibodies, immune cells, chemical mediators Store the specific response in its memory for future reference |
| Lymphoid structures | • Lymph nodes • Spleen • Tonsils • Intestinal lymphoid tissue • Lymphatic circulation |
| Tissue - Bone Marrow - Thymus | • Bone marrow - Origination of immune cells • Thymus - Maturation of immune cells |
| Self antigens | - Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) proteins label cells of the individual - Immune system ignores "self" cells |
| Antibodies | Proteins that bind to matching antigens to destroy it |
| IgG | Most common in blood |
| IgM | First to increase in immune response |
| IgA | In secretions e.g. Tears, saliva and mucous membranes, colostrum |
| IgE | Allergic response - Causes release of histamine and other chemicals - Results in inflammation |
| IgD | Attached to and activates B cells |
| Immune cells | - Macrophages - Lymphocytes Are white blood cells that play a role in the body |
| Macrophages | • Initiation of immune response • Phagocytic cells - engulf foreign material • Display antigens of foreign material • Secrete chemicals - Activates additional lymphocytes and the inflammatory response • Present in liver, lungs, lymph nodes |
| B-lymphocytes | • Responsible for production of antibodies • Matures in the bone marrow - Proceed to spleen and lymphoid tissue • Becomes: - Plasma cells (produce antibodies) - B-memory cells (form clones of plasma cells) |
| Plasma cell | Produce antibodies |
| B-memory cells | form clones of plasma cells |
| T Lymphocytes | • From bone marrow stem cells • Further differentiation in thymus |
| Cytotoxic T-killer cells | Destroys antigens |
| Helper T cells | Activates B or T cells) |
| Memory T cells | Remembers the antigen for re-exposure |
| Complement System | • A group of inactive proteins circulating in blood • When activated -> stimulates release of other chemical mediators promoting inflammation, phagocytosis • Causes destruction of antigen or may attach to a microorganism making it ready for phagocytosis |
| Chemical Mediators | • Can signal a cellular response or cause cellular damage • Involved in inflammation and immune reactions - E.g., histamine, interleukins |
| Titer | Measures levels of serum immunoglobulins |
| Indirect Coombs test | Detects Rh blood incompatibility |
| ELISA | Detect HIV antibodies |
| MHC typing | Tissue matching before transplant procedures |
Created by:
tla
Popular Medical sets