Key Terms Chapter 12 Word Scramble
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| Question | Answer |
| adenoids | Lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils |
| alveoli | The tiny air sacs in the lungs through which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the blood in respiration (singular: alveolus); an alveolus, in general, is a small hollow or cavity; the term also applies to the bony socket for a tooth |
| bronchiole | One of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes (root: bronchiol/o) |
| bronchus | One of the larger air passageways in the lungs; the bronchi begin as two branches of the trachea and then subdivide within the lungs (plural: bronchi) (root: bronch/o) |
| carbon dioxide (CO2) | A gas produced by energy metabolism in cells and eliminated through the lungs |
| carbonic acid | An acid formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water; H2CO3 |
| compliance | A measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure; compliance is reduced in many types of respiratory disorders |
| diaphragm | The dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that flattens during inspiration (root: phren/o) |
| epiglottis | A leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea |
| expectoration | The act of coughing up material from the respiratory tract; also the material thus released; sputum |
| expiration | The act of breathing out or expelling air from the lungs; exhalation |
| glottis | The opening between the vocal folds |
| hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb) | The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen |
| inspiration | The act of drawing air into the lungs; inhalation |
| larynx | The enlarged, superior portion of the trachea that contains the vocal folds (root: laryng/o) |
| lingual tonsils | Small mounds of lymphoid tissue at the posterior of the tongue |
| lung | A cone-shaped, spongy respiratory organ contained within the thorax (roots: pneum/o, pulm/o) |
| mediastinum | The space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space |
| nose | The organ of the face used for breathing and housing receptors for the sense of smell; includes an external portion and an internal nasal cavity (roots: nas/o, rhin/o) |
| oxygen (O2) | The gas needed by cells to release energy from food during metabolism |
| palatine tonsils | The paired masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the oropharynx; usually meant when the term tonsils is used alone |
| pharynx | The throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o) |
| phrenic nerve | The nerve that activates the diaphragm (root: phrenic/o) |
| pleura | A double-layered membrane that lines the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and covers the lungs (visceral pleura) (root: pleur/o) |
| pleural space | The thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura; pleural cavity |
| pulmonary ventilation | The movement of air into and out of the lungs |
| sinus | A cavity or channel; the paranasal sinuses are located near the nose and drain into the nasal cavity |
| sputum | The substance released by coughing or clearing the throat; expectoration; it may contain a variety of materials from the respiratory tract |
| surfactant | A substance that decreases surface tension within the alveoli and eases lung expansion |
| trachea | The air passageway that extends from the larynx to the bronchi (root: trache/o) |
| turbinate bones | The bony projections in the nasal cavity that contain receptors for the sense of smell; also called conchae (KON-ke) (singular: concha [KON-kah]) |
| vocal folds | Membranous folds on either side of the larynx that are important in speech production; also called vocal cords |
| acidosis | Excessive acidity of body fluids |
| acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | Pulmonary edema that can lead rapidly to fatal respiratory failure; causes include trauma, aspiration into the lungs, viral pneumonia, and drug reactions; shock lung |
| acute rhinitis | Inflammation of the nasal mucosa with sneezing, tearing, and profuse secretion of watery mucus, as seen in the common cold |
| alkalosis | Abnormal alkalinity of body fluids; respiratory alkalosis is caused by abnormally low carbon dioxide levels |
| arterial blood gases (ABGs) | The concentrations of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, in arterial blood; reported as the partial pressure (P) of the gas in arterial (a) blood, such as PaO2 or PaCO2; these measurements are important in measuring the acid–base balance |
| aspiration | The accidental inhalation of food or other foreign material into the lungs; also means the withdrawal of fluid from a cavity by suction |
| asthma | A disease characterized by dyspnea and wheezing caused by spasm of the bronchial tubes or swelling of their mucous membranes |
| atelectasis | Incomplete expansion of a lung or part of a lung; lung collapse; may be present at birth (as in respiratory distress syndrome) or be caused by bronchial obstruction or compression of lung tissue (prefix atel/o means “imperfect”) |
| bronchiectasis | Chronic dilatation of a bronchus or bronchi |
| bronchitis | Inflammation of a bronchus |
| bronchoscope | An endoscope used to examine the tracheobronchial passageways. Also allows access for tissue biopsy or removal of a foreign object |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | Any of a group of chronic, progressive, and debilitating respiratory diseases, which includes emphysema, asthma, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis |
| croup | A childhood disease usually caused by a viral infection that involves upper airway inflammation and obstruction; croup is characterized by a barking cough, difficulty breathing, and laryngeal spasm |
| cyanosis | Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood (adjective: cyanotic) |
| cystic fibrosis (CF) | An inherited disease that affects the pancreas, respiratory system, and sweat glands; characterized by mucus accumulation in the bronchi causing obstruction and leading to infection |
| diphtheria | Acute infectious disease, usually limited to the upper respiratory tract, characterized by the formation of a surface pseudomembrane composed of cells and coagulated material |
| dyspnea | Difficult or labored breathing (-pnea), sometimes with pain; “air hunger” |
| emphysema | A chronic pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement and destruction of the alveoli |
| empyema | Accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space; pyothorax |
| hemoptysis | The spitting of blood from the mouth or respiratory tract (ptysis means “spitting”) |
| hemothorax | Presence of blood in the pleural space |
| hydrothorax | Presence of fluid in the pleural space |
| hyperventilation | Increase in the rate and depth of breathing to above optimal levels, with blood carbon dioxide decreasing to levels below normal |
| hypoventilation | Condition in which the amount of air entering the alveoli is insufficient to meet metabolic needs and blood carbon dioxide increases to levels above normal |
| influenza | An acute, contagious respiratory infection causing fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain; “flu” |
| lung scan | Study based on the accumulation of radioactive isotopes in lung tissue; a ventilation scan measures ventilation after inhalation of radioactive material; a perfusion scan measures blood supply to the lungs after injection of radioactive material |
| pertussis | An acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough ending in a whooping inspiration; whooping cough |
| pleural effusion | Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space; the fluid may contain blood (hemothorax) or pus (pyothorax or empyema) |
| pleurisy | Inflammation of the pleura; pleuritis; a symptom of pleurisy is sharp pain on breathing |
| pneumoconiosis | Disease of the respiratory tract caused by inhalation of dust particles; named more specifically by the type of dust inhaled, such as silicosis, anthracosis, asbestosis |
| pneumonia | Inflammation of the lungs generally caused by infection; may involve the bronchioles and alveoli (bronchopneumonia) or one or more lobes of the lung (lobar pneumonia) |
| pneumonitis | Inflammation of the lungs; may be caused by infection, asthma, allergy, or inhalation of irritants |
| pneumothorax | Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space; may result from injury or disease or may be produced artificially to collapse a lung |
| pulmonary function tests | Tests done to assess breathing, usually by spirometry |
| pulse oximetry | Determination of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood by means of a photoelectric apparatus (oximeter), usually placed on the finger or the ear; reported as SpO2 in percent |
| pyothorax | Accumulation of pus in the pleural space; empyema |
| respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) | A respiratory disorder that affects premature infants born without enough surfactant in the lungs; it is treated with respiratory support and surfactant administration |
| spirometer | An apparatus used to measure breathing volumes and capacities; record of test is a spirogram |
| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | The sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant; crib death |
| thoracentesis | Surgical puncture of the chest for removal of air or fluids, such as may accumulate after surgery or as a result of injury, infection, or cardiovascular problems; also called thoracocentesis |
| tuberculin test | A skin test for tuberculosis; tuberculin (PPD), the test material made from products of the tuberculosis organism, is injected below the skin; a hard, raised lump appearing within 48 to 72 hours indicates an active or inactive TB infection |
| tuberculosis | An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; often involves the lungs but may involve other parts of the body as well |
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