SOL Review: Unit 4-6 Word Scramble
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| Question | Answer |
| The Persian Empire was built on what other civilizations? | Indus, Mesopotamian, and Nile River civilizations |
| Where was the Persian Empire located? | Present-day Iran |
| What are the characteristics of the Persian Empire? | 1) Tolerance of conquered peoples 2) Development of an imperial bureaucracy 3) Construction of a road system 4) Practice of Zoroastrianism |
| What religion was practiced by Persia? | Zoroastrianism |
| What belief is associated with Zoroastrianism? | Belief in two opposing forces in the universe |
| Where did the classical Indian civilization begin? | Indus River Valley |
| Where did the Indian civilization spread? | To the Ganges River Valley and then throughout the Indian subcontinent |
| Why was the Indian civilization able to spread with little interruption? | Geographic location - physical barriers such as Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean made invasion difficult |
| What are historians divided on in relation to the development of Indian civilization? | They are divided over whether migrations occurred or whether Indian civilization grew from within |
| What do historians agree upon in relation to the development of Indian civilization? | That the Harappan civilization and Vedic period shaped Indian society |
| What provided migration routes into the Indian subcontinent? | Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush |
| What were the important rivers in the Indian subcontinent? | Indus and Ganges Rivers |
| What are two cities found in the Indus River Valley civilization? | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro |
| The caste system was rooted in what? | The varnas and the jati system |
| What are varnas? | Were idealized in the Vedas to organize society equally by skill |
| What are jatis? | Used to describe divisions by occupations; governed by birth |
| Who is Asoka? | Mauryan Emperor who continued the political unification of much of India and spread Buddhism |
| What were the contributions of the Mauryan Empire? | 1) Spread of Buddhism 2) Free hospitals 3) Veterinary clinics 4) Good roads |
| What empire is considered the Golden Age of classical Indian culture? | Gupta Empire |
| What were the contributions of the Gupta Empire? | 1) Mathematics (concept of zero) 2) Medical advances (setting bones) 3) Astronomy (concept of a round earth) 4) New textiles 5) Literature |
| What influenced Indian society and culture and is still practiced in India today? | Hinduism |
| What are the major beliefs of Hinduism? | 1) Belief in many forms of one God 2) Reincarnation 3) Karma |
| What is reincarnation? | Rebirth based on karma |
| What is karma? | Knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future consequences |
| What are the sacred writings of Hinduism? | Vedas and Upanishads |
| How did Hinduism spread? | along major trade routes |
| Where did Buddhism start? | Present-day Nepal |
| Who is the founder of Buddhism? | Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) |
| Who helped strengthen Buddhism as a major faith by sending missionaries throughout Asia? | Asoka |
| What are the major beliefs of the Buddhism? | Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to Enlightenment |
| Where did Asoka's missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism to? | China and other parts of Asia |
| Where was the classical Chinese civilization centered? | Huang He River (Yellow River) |
| Why was the Great Wall built? | To protect from migratory invaders from the north. |
| Who built the Great Wall? | Qin Shi Huangdi |
| Who governed China? | A succession of ruling families called dynasties. |
| What is the Mandate of Heaven? | Chinese rulers were given the authority to rule by Heaven as long as their rule was just |
| What is the Silk Road? | Facilitated trade and contact between China and other cultures as far away as Rome |
| What products were produced by classical China? | civil service system, paper, porcelain, and silk |
| How did Confucianism impact the social order in China? | 1) Belief that humans are essentially good, not bad 2) Respect for elders 3) Code of harmony 4) Emphasis on learning 5) Ancestor worship |
| How did Taoism impact the formation of Chinese culture and values? | 1) Humility 2) Simple life and inner peace 3) Harmony with nature |
| What does the Yin and Yang represent? | Opposites for Confucianism and Taoism |
| Where did Chinese forms of Buddhism spread? | throughout Asia |
| What shaped the economic, social, and political development of Greek civilization? | The physical geography of the Aegean Basin |
| When did the Greek civilizations emerge? | After the river valley civilizations |
| The Greek civilization became the first major civilization on which continent? | Europe |
| What are the major geographic features of Greece? | 1) Southeastern-most region of Europe 2) Surrounded by water on three sides, with smaller peninsulas 3) Mountains served as natural barriers and prevented large-scale farming 4) Deep bays and natural harbors along the coastlines |
| What was Greek mythology based on? | polytheistic religion |
| What did the Greeks use mythology to explain? | 1) natural phenomena 2) human qualities 3) life events |
| Name some Greek gods and goddess | Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, and Aphrodite |
| Where do many of Western civilization's symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from? | Greek mythology |
| True or False: Men, women, and slaves all had clearly defined roles in Greek society. | True |
| Greek culture was divided into what groups? | Free and enslaved |
| How did people becomes slaves in Greece? | 1) Being captured as a prisoner of war 2) Born to enslaved parents 3) Failing to repay a loan or debt |
| True or False: Enslaved people did not have power, political rights, or status. | True |
| What role did slavery play in most Greek families? | Most families owned slaves as household servants or laborers |
| Which Greek city-state had the most democratic system of government? | Athens |
| What promoted civic and commercial life in Greece? | Greek cities (polis) |
| Who had political rights and the responsibility of civic participation in Greece? | Citizens (free adult males) |
| Who did not have any political rights in Greece? | Women, foreigners, and slaves |
| What were the stages in the evolution of Athenian government? | monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, and democracy |
| Who were Athenian tyrants who worked for reform? | Draco and Solon |
| What democratic principles originated in Athens? | direct democracy, public debate, duties of citizenship |
| What type of government did Sparta have? | Oligarchy (rule by a small group) |
| What kind of social structure did Sparta have? | Rigid |
| What type of society did Sparta have? | Militaristic and aggressive |
| What divided the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta? | Contrasting philosophies of government (democracy vs. oligarchy) |
| When did the Persian War occur? | 499 - 449 BC |
| Who fought in the Persian War? | United Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire |
| What was the outcome of the Persian War? | The Greeks defeated the Persian Empire and preserved their political independence. |
| What Athenian victories over the Persians left the Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea? | Marathon and Salamis |
| What impact did the Persian War have on Athens? | Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in government and culture. |
| When did the Golden Age of Pericles occur? | Mostly between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars |
| How did Pericles impact democracy? | Extended democracy; most adult males had an equal voice |
| How did Pericles impact Athens? | Had Athens rebuilt after the destruction in the Persian War, including Parthenon |
| When did the Peloponnesian War occur? | 431-404 BC |
| Who fought in the Peloponnesian War? | Athens and Delian League vs. Sparta and Peloponnesian League |
| What helped to cause the Peloponnesian War? | Competition for control of the Greek world between Athens and Sparta |
| What was the outcome of the Peloponnesian War? | Weakened Athens and Sparta; set the stage for Macedonia conquests of Greece and the end of Greek democracy |
| How did the Greek civilization expand? | Through trade and colonization |
| The expansion of the Greek civilization led to the spread of what? | Hellenic culture across the Mediterranean and Black Seas |
| What culture became one of the foundation stones of Western civilization? | Athenian culture during the classical era |
| How did Phillip of Macedonia's conquest impact Greece? | Returned Greece to a monarchy |
| How did Alexander the Great's conquest impact Greece? | Spread Greek influence in Egypt and Near East |
| Which Greeks made contributions in the area of drama? | Aeschylus and Sophocles |
| Which Greek made contributions in the area of poetry? What poems did he write? | Homer; Iliad and Odyssey |
| Which Greeks made contributions in the area of history? | Herodotus and Thucydides |
| Which Greek made contributions in the area of sculpture? | Phidias |
| Which Greeks made contributions in the area of science? | Archimedes and Hippocrates |
| Which Greeks made contributions in the area of mathematics? | Euclid and Pythagoras |
| Which Greeks made contributions in the area of philosophy? | Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle |
| What are the three types of columns used in Greek architecture? | Doric (Parthenon), Ionic, and Corinthian |
| What protected the Italian peninsula? | The sea and the arc of the Alps mountains |
| When did the Rome emerge as the dominant civilization around the Mediterranean and in Europe? | After the collapse of Alexander the Great's empire |
| Where was Rome located? | Italian Peninsula in the Mediterranean Basin |
| How did Rome's location beneficial? | Distant from eastern Mediterranean powers |
| How was Rome's location on the Mediterranean beneficial? | Provided protection and seaborne commerce (trade) |
| What was Roman mythology based on? | Greek mythology; polytheistic religion |
| Besides the Greek civilization, where do many of Western civilization's symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from? | Roman mythology |
| Roman society was divided into what three groups? | Patricians, Plebeians, and Slaves |
| Who are Patricians? | Wealthy individuals whose families were eligible to hold public office; few in number |
| Who are Plebeians? | Poorer individuals who could not hold office; majority of the population |
| How did someone become a slave in Rome? | 1) Captured as a prisoner of war 2) Born to enslaved parents 3) Fail to repay a loan or debts Not based on race |
| What did the Romans use mythology to explain? | natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events |
| Name some Roman gods and goddess | Jupiter (Zeus), Juno (Hera), Apollo, Diana (Artemis), Minerva (Athena), and Venus (Aphrodite) |
| What type of government did the Roman Republic have? | representative democracy |
| Who was excluded from the governing process in the Roman Republic? | women, most aliens (non-Romans living in the Republic), and slaves |
| What helped to spread Roman cultural and technological achievements throughout the Roman Empire? | Conquests and trade |
| Who was considered a citizen in the Roman Republic? | Patrician and plebeian men and selected foreigners |
| What are some examples of the responsibilities of citizenship under the Roman Republic? | pay taxes, military service |
| What features of democracy developed in the Roman Republic? | representative democracy, assemblies, The Senate, Consuls, Laws of Rome codified as the Twelve Tables |
| Give three examples of contributions made by Rome in the area of art and architecture | Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum |
| Give three examples of contributions made by Rome in the area of technology | Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches |
| What contributions in the area of science did Ptolemy make? | Geocentric theory - the Earth is the center of the universe |
| Give an example of contributions made by Rome in the area of medicine | Emphasis on public health - public baths, public water systems, medical schools |
| What language was used by the Romans? | Latin, became basis for Romance Languages |
| What contributions in the area of literature did Virgil make? | Aeneid |
| What contribution in the area of law did Rome make? | The principle of "innocent until proven guilty" from Twelve Tables |
| After the victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars, what was Roman able to do? | Dominate the Mediterranean basin, leading to the diffusion of Roman culture |
| Why did Rome and Carthage fight in the Punic Wars? | Competition for trade |
| Which Carthaginian general invaded the Italian Peninsula? | Hannibal |
| What was the outcome of the Punic Wars? | The destruction of Carthage and expanded trade and wealth for Rome |
| Where did Roman culture spread? | Mediterranean Basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of Eastern Mediterranean) and Western Europe (Gaul, British Isles) |
| What were the causes of the decline of the Roman Republic? (hint: there are 6) | 1) spread of slavery in the agricultural system 2) migration of small farmers into cities; unemployment 3) civil war over Julius Caesar 4) devaluation of currency; inflation 5) First Triumvirate 6) Julius Caesar: Seizure of power, assassination |
| When the Roman Republic ended, what was it replaced with? | Imperial regime |
| Who was Rome's first emperor? | Augustus Caesar |
| Who did Augustus Caesar defeat in the civil war for power? | Marc Antony |
| What did Augustus Caesar do for Rome? | Unified and enlarged the empire using imperial authority and the military |
| What was one leadership challenge faced by imperial Rome? | Failure to provide for the peaceful succession of emperors |
| What is the Pax Romana? | Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule; a period of expansion and solidification of the Roman Empire |
| What was the economic impact of the Pax Romana? | - Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade - Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads - Promoted prosperity and stability |
| What was the social impact of the Pax Romana? | - Returned stability to social classes - Increased emphasis on the family |
| What was the political impact of the Pax Romana? | - Created a civil service - Developed a uniform rule of law |
| How did Rome's geographic size cause the decline of the Western Roman Empire? | Difficulty of defense and administration |
| How did Rome's economy cause the decline of the Western Roman Empire? | The cost of defense and devaluation of Roman currency |
| How did Rome's military cause the decline of the Western Roman Empire? | Increasing reliance on foreigners to serve in and to lead the Roman army |
| How did Rome's political problems cause the decline of the Western Roman Empire? | Civil conflict and weak administration |
| How did invasions cause the decline of the Western Roman Empire? | Germanic migrations and settlement |
| Why did the population in the Western Roman Empire decline? | Epidemic diseases |
| Who established a second capital in the Eastern Roman Empire? What did he call it? | Constantine, Constantinople |
| When did the Western Roman Empire cease to exist? | In 476 AD when it no longer had a Roman emperor |
| The Eastern Roman Empire became known as - | Byzantine Empire |
| Why did Christianity present a powerful challenge to the Roman religion? | It's monotheistic beliefs conflicted with the polytheistic beliefs of the Romans. |
| Christianity's roots can be traced to what other religion? | Judaism |
| Who is considered the founder of Christianity? | Jesus of Nazareth |
| Who do Christians believe Jesus is? | Messiah, Son and incarnation of God |
| What type of religion is Christianity? | Monotheistic |
| What is the New Testament? | Part of the Bible that contains accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians |
| What do Christians believe about what happens after you die? | Life after death |
| Who also helped to establish Christian doctrines? | Early church councils |
| Why did Christianity spread? | Popularity of the message; early martyrs inspired others |
| How did Christianity spread? | Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire |
| How did Emperor Constantine impact the Church in the late Roman Empire? | He converted to Christianity and made it legal. |
| What religion became the state religion of Rome during the late Roman Empire? | Christianity |
| What became the source of moral authority in the late Roman Empire? | The Church |
| What became the main unifying force of Western Europe? | The Church |
| What sometimes divided Christians during the late Roman Empire? | Heresies such as Arianism and Donatism |
| What caused the influence of the Roman Catholic Church to grow? | Decline of secular authority |
| Who preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements? | Monasteries |
| How did missionaries help increase the influence of the Roman Catholic Church? | Carried Christianity and the Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes |
| Who anointed Charlemagne emperor in 800 AD? | The Pope |
| Who served the religious and social needs of the people? | Parish priests |
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