FSHN 360- Midterm Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
three general categories of nutritional status | desirable, under-nutrition, over-nutrition |
nutritional assessment | evaluation of nutritional status through measurements of food and nutrient in take and evaluation of nutrition-related health indicators |
5 purposes of nutrition assessment | determine prevalence of chronic disease/malnutrition, high risk individuals, needs assessment, measurement, evaluation |
ABCDE methods used in nutritional assessment | anthropometrics, biochemical, clinical, diet assessment, environment |
screening vs monitoring | screening= tests, monitoring= surveys |
HP 2020 vision | a society in which all people live long, healthy lives |
HP goals (3) | high quality lives, health equity, create healthy social/physical environments |
implementing HP 2020 (MAP-IT) | mobilize, access, plan, implement, track |
DRI | umbrella term to include current standards for nutrient recommendations |
EAR | intake level to meet nutrient requirements of 50% of healthy individuals, prevent classic deficiency diseases and maintain metabolic pathways (not an intake goal) |
RDA | level adequate to meet needs of 97-98% of all healthy individuals (set only if EAR established) |
AI | used if insufficient data available to calculate EAR (frequently used for infants) |
EER | (estimate energy requirement) average intake to maintain energy balance |
uses of DRIs (3) | assessing nutrient intakes of individuals and groups, planning nutrient intakes, address health promotion/disease prevention |
3 common approaches to assessing diet | comparing intake of certain nutrients to a standard, comparing food groups to a standard, evaluating both at once |
diet quality index | evaluates overall diet quality of groups and risk of chronic disease related to dietary pattern (10 indicators) |
healthy eating index | summary measure of diet quality and adherence to dietary guidelines (12 components); focused on nutrient density, 0-100 |
healthy eating index uses (4) | monitor changes in consumption patterns, evaluate menus/diet plans, ID target areas, program evaluation |
proposed changes to nutrition facts label (nutrition science)- 4 | added sugars, update daily values, required vs voluntary nutrients, remove calories from fat |
other 2 proposed changes to nutrition facts label | update serving size requirements and labeling for certain sizes, refreshed design (ie calories/servings per container more prevalent) |
what are the 4 new vitamin/minerals to be on labels? | vitamin D, calcium, iron, potassium |
correlational studies | compare level of some factor w/ another factor |
cross-sectional studies | provide snapshot of health at a point in time |
case-control studies | compare levels of past exposure to some factor of interest |
longitudinal/cohort studies | nurses study |
4 challenges of estimating intake | weaknesses of data-gathering techniques, human behavior, variability in intake and requirements, limitations of databases |
5 factors affecting choice of dietary analysis method | literacy, memory, interest, communication, culture |
5 factors to consider in dietary analysis method | time frame, sample size, number of measures per person, cost, data analysis |
strengths of 24-hour recall (3) | low burden, non-diet altering, single for groups/multiple for individual |
limitations of 24-hour recall (5) | single recall, memory, under/over reporting, omissions/phantom foods, data entry |
5 step pass | quick list, meal specifics, forgotten foods, detail, review |
strengths of food records (4) | not based on memory, more representative than 1-day, fewer phantom foods, greater detail |
limitations of food records (5) | analysis, burden, writing down may alter report, bites don't get recorded, literacy/knowledge |
#1 source of error in recalls/diaries | portion size |
amorphous foods | take on the shape of the container |
three types of FFQ | simple, semi-quantitative, quantitative (also self vs interviewer administered) |
two types of variation | systematic (weekend) vs random (birthday party) |
which vitamin takes the most days to estimate intake? | vitamin A |
validity | ability of an instrument to measure what is intended |
reproducibility | ability to produce the same estimate on two more occasions |
DILQ validation | researchers used observation of school lunch to validate Day in the Life questionnaire |
use adipose to measure | linoleic acid |
use plasma to measure | TG, carotenoids, lycopene, vitamin C, vitamin E |
use nitrogen to measure | protein intake **assuming nitrogen balance |
strengths of biomarkers (2) | easily accessible, provides a validity check of dietary intake |
limitations of biomarkers (2) | affected by factors other than diet, many nutrients do not have good biomarkers |
goals of nutritional monitoring (3) | dietary/nutritional status of a population, quality of food, changes in a population's intake |
KAB assessments | knowledge, attitude, behavior |
monitoring vs surveillance | quantitative, precise vs. local and less precise measures |
goals of monitoring/surveillance (2) | ID high risk groups/geographic areas, assess progress toward achieving healthy people objectives |
how do we use survey data? (3) | nutrition-related programs, development of regulations, research |
NHANES stands for | national health and nutrition examination survey |
NHANES comprised of | detailed interviews and comprehensive examinations |
achievements of NHANES (5) | folate, lead, smoking, growth charts, DRI |
___ Americans consume ___ on any given day, provides ___ | 1 in 8, pizza, 1/4 of daily energy |
USDA and pizza promotion | helps pizza makers (McDonald's and Dominos) "dairy checkoff program" |
teens sugar | 150% average |
biggest source of calories | sugar/soda |
reasonable limit for added sugar | 10g per day |
GRAS sugar | scientific consensus (unsafe at levels consumed) |
petitions for added sugar | "added sugars" instead of "sugars", limit over-sized beverages |
Congress to nutritionists | telling nutritionists not to incorporate agricultural production and environmental factors into dietary guidelines |
Which country implemented environmental factors into dietary guidelines? | Brazil |
Commodity prices plunge | maybe will lower grocery costs, reduced foreign competition |
Obesity and depression | 43% of depressed adults are obese, more likely to obese than people w/ out depression |
Growth chart under 2 | WHO |
Growth chart over 2 | CDC |
5 indices for measuring children | weight for height/length/stature, weight for age, height/length/stature for age, BMI (>2), head circumference |
3 height indices | stature, length, knee height |
height of children <2 years | recumbent |
height of children >2 years | height board |
head circumference | up to 36 months, detect head abnormalities |
measuring non-ambulatory persons | bed scale, chair scale, calf circumference, midarm circumference, sub-scapular skinfold thickness |
hamwi equation females | 100 lbs for first 5 feet, 5 pounds per inch |
male hamwi equation males | 106 lbs for first 5 feet, 6 pounds per inch |
relative weight | actual/reference (Hamwi) x 100 |
power-type indices | preferred index; maximally correlated w/ body mass and minimally correlated w/ stature |
BMI units | kg/m2 |
2 groups to take into account w/ BMI | athletes will over-estimate fat, elderly will under-estimate |
BMI children | use growth chart |
Normal BMI | 18.5-24.9 |
Overweight BMI | 25.0-29.9 |
Frame size | measure wrist to find if small, medium, large boned |
Wrist circumference insulin resistance | excess fat, can ID young subjects for CVD |
2 body types | android and gynoid (diseases associated w/ android) |
Higher waist circumference associated w/ | type 2 diabetes and high blood cholesterol |
Waist to hip ratio | indicator of body fat (better indicator of CHD and DM than BMI) |
2 compartment model | fat mass and lean body mass |
4 compartment model | water, protein, mineral, fat |
2 classifications of body fat | essential (membranes, bone marrow), nonessential/storage (subcutaneous or visceral) |
essential fat women | 8-12% |
essential fat men | 3-5% |
skinfold | subcutaneous adipose tissue, estimate of total body fat |
skinfold sites | chest, tricepts, subscapular, midauxillary, superiliac, abdomen, thigh, medial calf |
skinfold females | triceps, superiliac, thigh |
skinfold males | chest, abdomen, thigh |
drawbacks of skinfold | well-trained, water retention, not ideal to estimate visceral, hard to measure if BMI over 35 |
densitometry | mass (kg) / volume (L) |
body density | weight in air (kg)/ volume of water (or air) displaced (L) |
hydrostatic weighing based on what | Archimedes principle (displaced H2O) |
2-compartment model hydrostatic weight | fat mass density and fat-free mass density |
biggest assumption of hydrostatic weighing | constant density of fat-free mass |
second way to measure body density | air displacement plethysmography |
isotope dilution technique | used for TBW, tracer equilibrates w/ body water (must fast beforehand) |
assumption tbw | assume that fat-free tissue has a constant water content |
electrical conductance | difference in electrolyte content b/w fat and fat-free tissues (current b/w ankle and wrist), use regression equations |
red electrode (electrical conductance) | proximal |
black electrode (electrical conductance) | distal |
DEXA | dual energy (high and low energy, picks up ratio) |
Gold standard body composition | DEXA |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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