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FSHN 360- Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| three general categories of nutritional status | desirable, under-nutrition, over-nutrition |
| nutritional assessment | evaluation of nutritional status through measurements of food and nutrient in take and evaluation of nutrition-related health indicators |
| 5 purposes of nutrition assessment | determine prevalence of chronic disease/malnutrition, high risk individuals, needs assessment, measurement, evaluation |
| ABCDE methods used in nutritional assessment | anthropometrics, biochemical, clinical, diet assessment, environment |
| screening vs monitoring | screening= tests, monitoring= surveys |
| HP 2020 vision | a society in which all people live long, healthy lives |
| HP goals (3) | high quality lives, health equity, create healthy social/physical environments |
| implementing HP 2020 (MAP-IT) | mobilize, access, plan, implement, track |
| DRI | umbrella term to include current standards for nutrient recommendations |
| EAR | intake level to meet nutrient requirements of 50% of healthy individuals, prevent classic deficiency diseases and maintain metabolic pathways (not an intake goal) |
| RDA | level adequate to meet needs of 97-98% of all healthy individuals (set only if EAR established) |
| AI | used if insufficient data available to calculate EAR (frequently used for infants) |
| EER | (estimate energy requirement) average intake to maintain energy balance |
| uses of DRIs (3) | assessing nutrient intakes of individuals and groups, planning nutrient intakes, address health promotion/disease prevention |
| 3 common approaches to assessing diet | comparing intake of certain nutrients to a standard, comparing food groups to a standard, evaluating both at once |
| diet quality index | evaluates overall diet quality of groups and risk of chronic disease related to dietary pattern (10 indicators) |
| healthy eating index | summary measure of diet quality and adherence to dietary guidelines (12 components); focused on nutrient density, 0-100 |
| healthy eating index uses (4) | monitor changes in consumption patterns, evaluate menus/diet plans, ID target areas, program evaluation |
| proposed changes to nutrition facts label (nutrition science)- 4 | added sugars, update daily values, required vs voluntary nutrients, remove calories from fat |
| other 2 proposed changes to nutrition facts label | update serving size requirements and labeling for certain sizes, refreshed design (ie calories/servings per container more prevalent) |
| what are the 4 new vitamin/minerals to be on labels? | vitamin D, calcium, iron, potassium |
| correlational studies | compare level of some factor w/ another factor |
| cross-sectional studies | provide snapshot of health at a point in time |
| case-control studies | compare levels of past exposure to some factor of interest |
| longitudinal/cohort studies | nurses study |
| 4 challenges of estimating intake | weaknesses of data-gathering techniques, human behavior, variability in intake and requirements, limitations of databases |
| 5 factors affecting choice of dietary analysis method | literacy, memory, interest, communication, culture |
| 5 factors to consider in dietary analysis method | time frame, sample size, number of measures per person, cost, data analysis |
| strengths of 24-hour recall (3) | low burden, non-diet altering, single for groups/multiple for individual |
| limitations of 24-hour recall (5) | single recall, memory, under/over reporting, omissions/phantom foods, data entry |
| 5 step pass | quick list, meal specifics, forgotten foods, detail, review |
| strengths of food records (4) | not based on memory, more representative than 1-day, fewer phantom foods, greater detail |
| limitations of food records (5) | analysis, burden, writing down may alter report, bites don't get recorded, literacy/knowledge |
| #1 source of error in recalls/diaries | portion size |
| amorphous foods | take on the shape of the container |
| three types of FFQ | simple, semi-quantitative, quantitative (also self vs interviewer administered) |
| two types of variation | systematic (weekend) vs random (birthday party) |
| which vitamin takes the most days to estimate intake? | vitamin A |
| validity | ability of an instrument to measure what is intended |
| reproducibility | ability to produce the same estimate on two more occasions |
| DILQ validation | researchers used observation of school lunch to validate Day in the Life questionnaire |
| use adipose to measure | linoleic acid |
| use plasma to measure | TG, carotenoids, lycopene, vitamin C, vitamin E |
| use nitrogen to measure | protein intake **assuming nitrogen balance |
| strengths of biomarkers (2) | easily accessible, provides a validity check of dietary intake |
| limitations of biomarkers (2) | affected by factors other than diet, many nutrients do not have good biomarkers |
| goals of nutritional monitoring (3) | dietary/nutritional status of a population, quality of food, changes in a population's intake |
| KAB assessments | knowledge, attitude, behavior |
| monitoring vs surveillance | quantitative, precise vs. local and less precise measures |
| goals of monitoring/surveillance (2) | ID high risk groups/geographic areas, assess progress toward achieving healthy people objectives |
| how do we use survey data? (3) | nutrition-related programs, development of regulations, research |
| NHANES stands for | national health and nutrition examination survey |
| NHANES comprised of | detailed interviews and comprehensive examinations |
| achievements of NHANES (5) | folate, lead, smoking, growth charts, DRI |
| ___ Americans consume ___ on any given day, provides ___ | 1 in 8, pizza, 1/4 of daily energy |
| USDA and pizza promotion | helps pizza makers (McDonald's and Dominos) "dairy checkoff program" |
| teens sugar | 150% average |
| biggest source of calories | sugar/soda |
| reasonable limit for added sugar | 10g per day |
| GRAS sugar | scientific consensus (unsafe at levels consumed) |
| petitions for added sugar | "added sugars" instead of "sugars", limit over-sized beverages |
| Congress to nutritionists | telling nutritionists not to incorporate agricultural production and environmental factors into dietary guidelines |
| Which country implemented environmental factors into dietary guidelines? | Brazil |
| Commodity prices plunge | maybe will lower grocery costs, reduced foreign competition |
| Obesity and depression | 43% of depressed adults are obese, more likely to obese than people w/ out depression |
| Growth chart under 2 | WHO |
| Growth chart over 2 | CDC |
| 5 indices for measuring children | weight for height/length/stature, weight for age, height/length/stature for age, BMI (>2), head circumference |
| 3 height indices | stature, length, knee height |
| height of children <2 years | recumbent |
| height of children >2 years | height board |
| head circumference | up to 36 months, detect head abnormalities |
| measuring non-ambulatory persons | bed scale, chair scale, calf circumference, midarm circumference, sub-scapular skinfold thickness |
| hamwi equation females | 100 lbs for first 5 feet, 5 pounds per inch |
| male hamwi equation males | 106 lbs for first 5 feet, 6 pounds per inch |
| relative weight | actual/reference (Hamwi) x 100 |
| power-type indices | preferred index; maximally correlated w/ body mass and minimally correlated w/ stature |
| BMI units | kg/m2 |
| 2 groups to take into account w/ BMI | athletes will over-estimate fat, elderly will under-estimate |
| BMI children | use growth chart |
| Normal BMI | 18.5-24.9 |
| Overweight BMI | 25.0-29.9 |
| Frame size | measure wrist to find if small, medium, large boned |
| Wrist circumference insulin resistance | excess fat, can ID young subjects for CVD |
| 2 body types | android and gynoid (diseases associated w/ android) |
| Higher waist circumference associated w/ | type 2 diabetes and high blood cholesterol |
| Waist to hip ratio | indicator of body fat (better indicator of CHD and DM than BMI) |
| 2 compartment model | fat mass and lean body mass |
| 4 compartment model | water, protein, mineral, fat |
| 2 classifications of body fat | essential (membranes, bone marrow), nonessential/storage (subcutaneous or visceral) |
| essential fat women | 8-12% |
| essential fat men | 3-5% |
| skinfold | subcutaneous adipose tissue, estimate of total body fat |
| skinfold sites | chest, tricepts, subscapular, midauxillary, superiliac, abdomen, thigh, medial calf |
| skinfold females | triceps, superiliac, thigh |
| skinfold males | chest, abdomen, thigh |
| drawbacks of skinfold | well-trained, water retention, not ideal to estimate visceral, hard to measure if BMI over 35 |
| densitometry | mass (kg) / volume (L) |
| body density | weight in air (kg)/ volume of water (or air) displaced (L) |
| hydrostatic weighing based on what | Archimedes principle (displaced H2O) |
| 2-compartment model hydrostatic weight | fat mass density and fat-free mass density |
| biggest assumption of hydrostatic weighing | constant density of fat-free mass |
| second way to measure body density | air displacement plethysmography |
| isotope dilution technique | used for TBW, tracer equilibrates w/ body water (must fast beforehand) |
| assumption tbw | assume that fat-free tissue has a constant water content |
| electrical conductance | difference in electrolyte content b/w fat and fat-free tissues (current b/w ankle and wrist), use regression equations |
| red electrode (electrical conductance) | proximal |
| black electrode (electrical conductance) | distal |
| DEXA | dual energy (high and low energy, picks up ratio) |
| Gold standard body composition | DEXA |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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