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| Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) | show 🗑
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| show | Either inherited or acquired by infected tissue (like Mad Cow Disease) ~Adult onset ~Can be transmitted ~Death occurs usually 3-12 months after transmission ~Symptoms: Dementia w/in weeks, Myoclonic jerks or sz, Personality change, Speech impairment.
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| show | Similar to Mad Cow Disease but is found in humans ~Incubation period is 10 to 13 years ~ Symptoms similar to CJD: Severe coordination problems, Difficulty walking, Difficulty swallowing & feeding self ~Pathologic bursts of laughter.
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| Parkinson's Disease | show 🗑
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| Hepatic Encephalopathy | show 🗑
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| Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar) | show 🗑
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| Tuberous Sclerosis (Greek: tuber = swelling and skleros = hard) (TSC) | show 🗑
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| show | A group of brain dysfunctions related to disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain ~Hypertension is the most important cause; it damages the blood vessel lining ~Includes: CVA, Hemorrhage, Tumor, Aneurysm, Infarct.
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| show | Symptoms: lethargy, slurred speech, imbalance, blurred/double vision, ~reversible toxicity ~Barbiturates such as Phenobarbital and Primidone may cause additional EEG changes.
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| Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy - Anoxia | show 🗑
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| show | Damage by disease or trauma ~Brain tumors - Most form in meninges and carried to brain from other areas of the body to grow in CNS. Some common sources: Cranial nerve # 8, pituitary gland, lung, breast, skin, gastric, kidney.
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| Rett's Syndrome | show 🗑
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| Alzheimer's Disease | show 🗑
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| Huntington's (Chorea) Disease (Greek for Dance) (HD) | show 🗑
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| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | show 🗑
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| show | The most common form of the motor neuron diseases ~An incurable neurological illness marked by massive loss of muscle bulk and severe motor impairment ~Muscles involving speech, swallowing, talking, and breathing may be affected.
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| Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome (GSS) | show 🗑
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| show | Umbrella term encompassing a group of non-progressive, non-contagious motor conditions that cause physical disability in human development, chiefly in the various areas of body movement ~Usually caused pre-natal ~ Usually no identified cause.
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| show | Excess accumulation of water in the intracellular or extracellular spaces of the brain ~Can be due to a coup / contracoup injury (opposite side of brain injury to body part affected).
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| show | Extra copy of a chromosome (3 instead of 2) ~Symptoms are: Cognative impairment, heart and gastric problems, specific physical features of eyes, fingers and toes, skeletal problems, and possible sz - most frequently TC ~Increased percentage of IS.
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| show | Mostly effects boys ~Some symptoms are: cranio/facial and ear abnormalities, cognitive impairment, learning problems, severe ADD, Sz (TC and CP in 25-45% of pts).
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| show | Only affects females ~Gonadal dysfunction (non-working ovaries), which results in amenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycle) and sterility ~Epilepsy is not frequent and so far only few cases.
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| show | ~Rare chronic progressive encephalitis in children & young adults ~Cause= persistent measles ~No cure. Managed tx w/ early tx ~Symptoms: progressive cognitive decline, personality change, eye abn, szs, myoclonic jerks, ataxia, spasticity, persistent coma.
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| show | Usually acquired (some congenital) airborne from upper respiratory ~Lasts 1-3d. Children recover quicker ~Congenital symptoms: cloudy corneas, deafness, delay, sleepiness, irritability, low birth weight, impaired, szs, microcephaly, skin rash at birth.
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| Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) | show 🗑
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| Angelman Syndrome (Happy Puppet Syndrome) | show 🗑
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| Coffin Lowry Syndrome (CLS) | show 🗑
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| show | Temporary facial paralysis resulting from damage or trauma to one of the facial nerves ~Symptoms usually begin suddenly and reach their peak within 48 hours.
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| show | Acute inflammation of the brain ~Symptoms: HA, fever, confusion, drowsiness, fatigue ~More advanced and serious symptoms include seizures or convulsions, tremors, hallucinations, and memory problems.
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| show | Paralysis of arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm's main nerves, specifically the upper trunk C5-C6 is severed ~Usually from shoulder dystocia during a difficult birth ~Can resolve on its own over months, rehabilitative therapy, or surgery.
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| Syncope - Fainting | show 🗑
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| show | Chronic widespread pain, heightened and painful response to pressure, debilitating fatigue, sleep disturbance, and joint stiffness, numbness and tingling ~Usually associated with psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety.
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| Hydrocephalus (Water in the Brain) | show 🗑
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| Hypoxia | show 🗑
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| show | Most common tick-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere ~Early symptoms (tx antibiotics): fever, headache, fatigue, depression, characteristic circular skin rash called erythema migrans (EM) ~Left untreated, involve joints, heart, CNS.
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| show | A condition present at or soon after birth in which the brain is abnormally large. ~Many people with this are healthy. ~Pathologic may be due to enlarged brain or hydrocephalus.
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| show | Harmful quantities of cell membrane components accumulate in brain's nerve cells, cause premature cell death ~Deterioration of mental & physical abilities around 6 mo of age and usually death by 4yo ~No known cure or tx. ~Symptomatic red spot on retina.
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| show | Inflammation of protective membranes of brain & SC ~Caused mostly by infection, less commonly drugs ~Can be life-threatening and is classified as a medical emergency ~Symptoms: HA, neck stiffness, fever, confusion, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia.
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| Microcephaly | show 🗑
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| Myoclonus | show 🗑
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| show | A muscular disease in which the muscle fibers do not function for any one of many reasons, resulting in muscular weakness ~The primary defect is within the muscle, as opposed to the nerves, or elsewhere such as the brain.
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| Narcolepsy | show 🗑
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| Tardive Dyskinesia | show 🗑
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| show | Mvt disorder ~Diminished voluntary mvts and increase of involuntary mvts, similar to tics or chorea ~Can range from from a slight tremor of the hands to uncontrollable movement ~Discoordination can also occur internally especially with respiration.
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| show | Does not directly invade nerve cells but jeopardizes function ~Most common neuro complications: Dementia (Hallmark for this) - causing encephalitis, behavioral changes, and a gradual decline in cognitive function, central nervous system lymphomas.
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| Muscular Dystrophy (MD) | show 🗑
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| Reye's Syndrome (RS) | show 🗑
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| show | Port-wine stain at birth on forehead, upper eyelid ~Color from light pink to deep purple ~Caused by overabundance of capillaries around trigeminal nerve ~Abnormal blood vessels, loss of nerve cells, calcification tissue on same side of brain as birthmark.
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| show | Light-brown birthmarks ~Six+ greater than 5 mm in diameter before puberty, or greater than 15 mm after puberty, is a diagnostic feature of neurofibromatosis type I, but other features are required to diagnose NF-1 ~Without underlying disease, benign.
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| Neurofibromatosis Type I (NF1) (Von Recklinghausen Disease) | show 🗑
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| Encephalopathy | show 🗑
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| show | Decrease of oxygen supply to the brain even though there is adequate blood flow ~Drowning, strangling, choking, suffocation, cardiac arrest, head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, and complications of general anesthesia can create this condition.
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| Aphasia | show 🗑
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| show | Loss of ability to execute skilled movements and gestures, despite the desire and ability ~Results from dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, especially the parietal lobe, and can arise from many diseases or damage to the brain.
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| Clonic Phase of TC - Clonus | show 🗑
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| Tonic Phase of TC - Tonia | show 🗑
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| show | Partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body ~Causes: mutations, poor nourishment, poor circulation, hormone, loss of nerve supply, disuse or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself.
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| Dystonia | show 🗑
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| Pervasive Development Disorder (PDD) | show 🗑
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| show | Symptoms: poor growth in the womb and after birth, decreased muscle tone, poor coordination, narrow, small eyes with large epicanthal folds, small head, small upper jaw, smooth and thin upper lip, heart defects, delayed development.
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| Landau–Kleffner Syndrome (LKS) | show 🗑
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| show | Cephalic (head) end of the neural tube fails to close resulting in the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp ~Babies are born without forebrain (responsible for cognition). ~Most don't survive birth.
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| show | Tumors of the nervous system (particularly schwannomas) with few skin or non-nervous system related abnormalities. It is generally noticed during young adulthood, most commonly with hearing loss. The average age of symptom onset in patients is about 20.
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| show | A medical emergency. This happen when blood flow to your brain stops. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.
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| Ischemic Stroke | show 🗑
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| Hemorrhagic Stroke | show 🗑
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| Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) or "Mini-Strokes" | show 🗑
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| Ataxia | show 🗑
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| Lesion | show 🗑
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| show | Pathologic loss or lack of memory.
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| Retrograde | show 🗑
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| Contra Coup | show 🗑
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| show | Loosely: dizziness, giddiness. Strictly: a sensation of rotation or whirling motion, either of oneself (subjective) or of external objects (objective).
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| show | Alzheimer, CJD, Pick's Disease, Huntington's Chorea, Parkinson's Disease, HIV, Viral Encephalitis, Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus, B12, Folate, Thymine deficiency, Hepatic and Thyroid disease, Cushings Syndrome, MS, Punch Drunk Syndrome, some tumors.
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| show | Ischemic, Edema, Hemorrhagic, Subdural Hematoma, TIA.
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| What illnesses are considered metabolic disorders? | show 🗑
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| show | Adrenal glands on the kidneys fail to produce sufficient amount of cortisol and aldosterone. Symptoms: Skin darkening, low bp, & sugar, weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea, muscle pain. Gradual. Hormone replacement therapy required.
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| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | show 🗑
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| Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration) | show 🗑
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| Cystic Fibrosis | show 🗑
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| show | A rare hereditary neurodegenerative disease. Causes progressive destruction of nerve cells in brain. Symptoms include loss of speech (aphasia) and dementia. Pts often die within two to ten years. Build-up of tau proteins in neurons.
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| Hypercalcemia | show 🗑
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| Hypothyroidism | show 🗑
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| Cretinism | show 🗑
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| Hyperkinesis | show 🗑
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| show | A problem with norephedrine inattentiveness, over-activity, impulsivity, or a combination. By releasing norephedrine, it will promote impulse transmission.
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| show | A neurological disorder caused by a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain. Its onset is linked to chronic alcohol abuse and/or severe malnutrition.
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| show | The most common form of an uncommon group of genetic epilepsy disorders called the progressive myoclonus epilepsies. Onset in children b/t 6 and 16; no known cases older than 18. Most cases originate from the Baltic region of Europe.
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| Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) | show 🗑
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| Todd's Postictal Paresis (Todd's Paralysis) | show 🗑
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| show | Two forms of life-threatening skin condition, in which cell death causes the epidermis to separate from the dermis. Thought to be a hypersensitivity complex that affects the skin and the mucous membranes. The majority of cases are idiopathic.
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| show | Malformation of the brain. Downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. Can cause HA, fatigue, muscle weakness in head & face, difficulty swallowing, dizziness, nausea, impaired coordination, and, in severe cases, paralysis.
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| Chiari II Malformation | show 🗑
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| show | A sudden, transient episode of syncope, occasionally featuring sz. Normal periods of unconsciousness last approximately thirty seconds; if sz are present, they will consist of twitching after 15–20 seconds. Breathing continues normally throughout.
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| Louis–Bar Syndrome (Ataxia Telangiectasia A-T) | show 🗑
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| show | A rare, autosomal dominant genetic condition predisposes/causes pts to benign and malignant tumors. Most commonly found in CNS, retinal, pancreatic, and epididymal (male).
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| Mesial Temporal Sclerosis | show 🗑
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| show | A rare inflammatory neurological disorder, characterized by frequent and severe szs, loss of motor skills and speech, hemiparesis, encephalitis, and dementia. Affects a single hemisphere. Generally occurs in children under the age of 15.
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| Head Injuries | show 🗑
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| show | A birth defect that causes one or more sutures on a baby's head to close earlier than normal. Can cause head deformity that can be severe and permanent if it is not corrected. Increased intracranial pressure, seizures, and developmental delay can occur.
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| Viral Infections | show 🗑
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| show | Affecting the skin and nerves. Sturge-Weber Syndrome, Von Hippel-Lindau Disease, Ataxia Telangiectasia, Tumor, other abnormal growth brain, spine, and peripheral nerve. Progressive.
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| Congenital Disorders | show 🗑
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| show | A disorder in which a cyst (called syrinx) or cavity forms within the spinal cord. Can expand and elongate over time, destroying the spinal cord. The damage may result in pain, paralysis, weakness, and stiffness in the back, shoulders, and extremities.
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| Cephalic Disorders | show 🗑
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| Colpocephaly | show 🗑
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| Holoprosencephaly (HPE, once known as Arhinencephaly) | show 🗑
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| show | A condition where the brain cerebral hemispheres are absent and replaced by sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
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| show | An extremely rare cephalic disorder involving encephalomalacia. It is a neurological disorder of the CNS characterized with cysts or cavities within the cerebral hemisphere.
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| Schizencephaly | show 🗑
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| Agenesis of Corpus Callosum (ACC) | show 🗑
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| Major causes of stroke... | show 🗑
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| Embolism | show 🗑
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| Degenerative Diseases | show 🗑
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| Aplastic Anemia | show 🗑
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| show | Defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue. In the field of hematology, the term refers to incomplete, retarded, or defective development, or cessation of the usual regenerative process.
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| Vater Syndrome (Vacterl Association) | show 🗑
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| show | (Literally means "exaggerated surprise.") Characterized by pronounced startle responses to tactile or acoustic stimuli. Hypertonia - attenuated during sleep and less prominent after a year of age. Linked to genetic defects of glycine neurotransmission.
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| Hyaline Membrane Disease - "Hyaline" comes from the Greek word "Hyalos" meaning "Glass or Transparent." | show 🗑
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| show | Hair loss from repeated urges to pull or twist the hair until it breaks off. Patients are unable to stop this behavior, even as their hair becomes thinner.
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| Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) | show 🗑
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| show | A condition seen in boxers and alcoholics, caused by repeated cerebral concussions and characterized by weakness in the lower limbs, unsteadiness of gait, slowness of muscular movements, hand tremors, hesitancy of speech, and mental dullness.
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| show | A disorder that occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol. It may also occur if you take too much cortisol or other steroid hormones.
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| La Belle Indifference | show 🗑
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| show | A twisted neck in which the head is tipped to one side, while the chin is turned to the other.
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