Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Chapter 6
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| AP(Angina pectoris) is characterized by | thoracodynia(chest pain) resulting from myocardial ischemia(starvation of oxygen)
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| The myocardial ischemia is commonly caused by | CAD(Coronary Artery Disease)
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| The lumen is the | inside diameter of the artery
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| The purpose of the coronary arteries is to | deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardium(muscle layer of the heart)
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| When an embolus(floating clot) occludes(obstructs/infarcts) a coronary artery the resulting injury is called a | MI(Myocardial Infarction)
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| If the ischemia is not corrected, death can occur to the myocardian called | myocardial necrosis
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| Dx(diagnosis) of a MI(myocardial infarction) is made by | 1.EKG or ECG(ElectroCardioGram) 2.CPK-MB (cardiac isoenzymes)---blood test 3.Troponin levels)---blood test
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| CAD(Coronary Artery Disease) is AKA | CHD(Coronary Heart Disease) causing stenosis(narrowing)
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| The stenosis (narrowing) in CAD(Coronary Artery Disease)/ CHD(Coronary Heart Disease) is caused by | Atherosclerosis ----fatty plaque that forms on the lumen of the coronary arteries
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| A MI(myocaridal Infarction) is commonly called a | "heart attack" or "coronary"
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| The starvation of oxygenated blood to the myocardium is called | myocardial ischemia(starving)
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| Risk factors for CAD(Coronary Artery Disease) include | 1.Heredity 2.Smoking 3.High fat diet(cholesterol, LDL(LowDensity Lipoproteins) & triglycerides 4.Sedentary Life style(obesity,little or no excerise);>40 inch waist for men,>35 inch waist for women 5.Over age 35 6.Poorly controlled stress
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| #2 Risk Factors for CAD(Coronary Artery Disease) | 7.Chronic HTN(hypertension 8.DM(Diabetes Mellitus) 9.Elevated CRP(C-reative protein)
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| Tx for CAD(Coronary Artery Disease) include | *.Stop smoking*.Lower Saturated fat in diet & increase HDL(HighDensityLipoproteins)/omega-3 fatty acids*.Regular exercise(walk) *.Antianginal drugs(coronary vasodilator increases diameter)*.Antihyperlipidemic(against excessive fat in blood
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| Tx for CAD(Coronary Artery Disease) include cont. | *.Thrombolytics(breakup clots that occluded coronary arteries*Anticoagulants-prevent new thrombi forming*PTCA(Percutaneous Trans-luminalCoronaryAngioplasty*Coronary stents-prevent closure after angioplasty*CABG*EECP-EnhancedEsternalCounterPulsation
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| CABG stands for | Coronary Artery Bypass Graph
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| CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graph commonly uses grafts harvested from the | saphenous veins or mammory arteries & used to bypass stenosed(narrowed)or occluded coronary arteries
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| Types of CABG include | double, triple, quadruple, or quintuple by passes
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| Common Signs & symptoms of MI(myocardium Infarction) or AP(Angina Pectorus) include | *Thoracodynia(chest pain)*Dypnea(difficult breathing*Pallor/paleness*N&V*Diaphoresis/profuse sweating*Weakness*Syncope/faint
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| Best chance of surving a MI(myocardium infarction) depends on whether the infarct is resolved within | 90 minutes
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| EECP -Enhanced External Counter Pulsation uses | inflatable cuffs on the lower extremities inflating & deflating in rhythm w/the heart to increase oxygenated blood flow to the coronary arteries & stimulate development of collarteral(extra) blood vessels
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| CAD(Coronary Artery Disease) risk can also be reduced by | 1.Drinking tea daily(flavanoids) 2.Getting 300 MCG of folate/day(tomatoes, citrus,leafy greens, beans, grains)
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| CHF(Congestive Heart Failure) is caused by a | weak pump
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| There can be any combination of signs & symptoms or the victim may be | asymptomatic(No symptoms)
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| An asymptpmatic MI is AKA | silent MI(myocardium infarction)/most dangerous because the victim has no reason to seek help
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| STEMI times refers to the | time between a ST(stemi time) elevation MI(myocardium infarction) (EKG normal sinus rhythm(NSR)
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| PTCA stands for | Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
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| Causes of CHF(Congestive Heart Failure) | *MI(myocardial infarction)*Myocardial atrophy from a sedentary life style/obesity*Valvular disease(valves are bad)*Chornic HTN(HyperTension/high blood pressure)
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| Right sided CHF(Congestive Heart Failure) can cause | a.Pedal(feet & Ankles)edema b.Neck vein distention c.Hepatomegaly(enlargement of liver)
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| Left sided CHF(Congestive Heart Failure)can cause | *dyspnea(difficult breath)or DOE(Dynpnea On Exertion from pulmonary edema(swelling)
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| Tx for CHF/congestive heart failure includes | 1.Decrease Na(sodium) intake 2.Lanoxin(digoxin) 3.Diuretics(lasix)
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| RHD (Rheumatic Heart Disease) is a | sequela(aftermath) of RF (Rheumatic Fever) can cause mitral stenosis
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| RF (Rhuematic Fever) is an | autoimmune disease that occurs 1-6 weeks following a Group A streptococcal infection
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| Mitral insufficiency is AKA | mitral regurgitation
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| Mitral insufficiency can be caused by | MVP (Mitral Valve Prolapse)
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| Mitral insufficiency can range in severity from | asymptomatic to pulmonary edema(swelling)
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| Tx for Mitral insufficiency includes | valvuloplasty (surgical repair of the mitral valve)
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| Valvular (valve) Disorders include | 1.Mitral stenosis 2.Mitral insufficiency 3.AS (Aortic Stenosis)
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| Mitral Stenosis occurs when the | bicuspid valve is narrow and the cusps become rigid and fuse together
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| Due to the mitral stenosis the congested blood flow can cause | pulmonary edema(swelling), cyanosis(blue coloring), and thrombus(clot) formation
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| Tx for mitral stenosis includes | valvuloplasty(surgical repair of the mitral valve)
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| Signs & symptoms of RF(Rheumatic Fever) include | *pyrexia(fever)*arthritis & sometimes a rash
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| RF (rheumatic fever) & RHD (rheumatic Heart Disease) can be prevented by prompt treatment of a streptococcal infection with | antibiotics
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| Mitral insufficiency occurs when the | bicuspid valve is unable to close completely
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| AS (Aortic Stenosis) is a | narrowing of the aortic semilunar valve
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| AS (aortic stenosis) can lead to | inadequate blood flow to the brain causing syncopal (faint) episodes
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| Tx for AS(aortic stenosis) includes | valvuloplasty(surgical repair of the bicuspid valve
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| Vulvular defects can be detected with | cardiac ausculation(listening with a stethoscope)
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| Blood regurgitation past an incomplete valve can create a sound that can be auscultated(listening w/ a stethoscope) is called a | bruit or murmur
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| Dx of valvular defects is confirmed with | echocardiography, cardia catheterization or phonocardiography
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| Complications of IE (Infectous endocarditis) include | emboli production & valve damage
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| Tx for IE (Infectous Endocarditis) includes | antibiotic therapy
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| Prophylactic (preventive) antibioltica are commonly prescribed for high risk patients before | surgery or dental procedures
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| The primary cause of an aneurysm is | arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
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| An aneurysm has the possibility of | disecting (rupturing) and causing life threatening internal hemorrhage
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| Tx for an aneurysm includes | aneurysmectomy (surgical removal of the aneurysm) and replacement with an artifical graft
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| IE (Infectious Endocarditis) is a bacterial infection causing | inflammation of the endocardium(inner lining of the heart)
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| Risk factors for IE (Infectious Endocarditis include | pre-existing heart disease and IV (IntraVenous) drug use
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| Vasular (Blood Vessels) Diseases include | 1. an aneurysm 2.PAD(Peripheral Arterial Disease) 3.Thrombophlebitis 4.Varicose Veins(VV) 5.Hemorrhoids 6.Esophageal varices
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| An aneurysm is an | asymptomatic (no symptomes) weak area in an arterial septum(wall)
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| Aneurysms commonly occur in the | thoracic(chest) or adbominal aorta
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| AAA stands for | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
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| PAD stands for | Peripheral Artery Disease
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| PAD (peripheral artery disease) is commonly cause by | atheroscerosis (abnormal condition of hardening of the arteries)
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| The arteries commonly affected by PAD (peripheral artery Disease) include the | femorals (thigh) & popliteals (back of knee)
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| Signs & symptoms of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) include | a)Intermittent claudication (pain in leg when walking) b)thinning of skin on legs c)tactile(touch) coolness d)Absent or thready(weak) pulses
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| Tx for PAD(peripheral artery disease) includes | preventing injury, anticoagulants, exercise and surgery
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| Thrombophlebitis is an | inflammation of a vein(usually in lower leg) with the formation of a thrombus(clot)
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| The thrombus can occlude(obstruct) a vein & cause | edema(swelling)
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| A complication of thrombophlebitis is | embolism (floating clot)
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| Tx for thrombophlebitis includes | anticoagulants, antibiotics, and rest
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| DVT stands for | Deep Vein Thromosis /legs
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| Prevention of DVT (deep vein thrombosis) includes | a)Proper hydration b)Ambulation (risk increases 30% on long airline flights)
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| Varicose Veins (VV) are | superficial swollen, twisted, knotty, veins (varicosities) of the legs
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| Varicose Veins(VV) are commonly caused by | a)Standing or sitting for long periods of time without moving b)crossing legs c)pregnancy d)heredity e)obesity
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| Tx for VV (varicose veins) include | a)Compression therapy(TED or Jobst hose b)ligation(tying) and stripping(removing) c)Sclerotherapy(injected chemical causing the vein to close) d)Radiofrequency ablation(vein colapse) e)Laser therapy ablation
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| Hemorrhoids are | varicous veins of the anus & rectum
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| Hemorrhoids can cause | pain, pruritus(itching) and bleeding
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| Causes of hemorrhoids include | *chronic constipation and pregnancy
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| Tx for hemorrhoids includes | a)Anti-inflammatory creams, wipes & suppositories(Preparation H) b)Hemorrhoidectomy(surgical removal of a hemorrhoid)
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| Esophageal varices are | varicose veins of the esophagus can be caused by cirrhosis (degeneration) of the liver
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| Esophageal varices can cause | fatal hemorrhages to occur
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| Tx for Esophageal varices involves | injection of a sclerosing solution into the varices to harden the veins called ENDOSCOPIC SCLEROTHERAPY
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| HTN--HyperTensioN refers to | chronic(persistant/recurring) high blood pressure
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| HTN(HyperTensioN) is usually | asymotomatic (the "SILENT KILLER")
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| Damage caused by HTN(HyperTensioN) includes | a)CHF (congestive heart failure) b)MI (myocardial Infarction) c)Renal(kidney) damage d)CVA (Cerebral Vascular Accident) AKA "a stroke"
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| HTN (HyperTensioN) of unknown cause is called | 1)essential hypertension or 2)idiopathic hypertension (unknown) or 3)primary hypertension
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| HTN (HyperTensioN) can usually be controlled with | a)proper diet/low LDLs(LowDensity Lipoproteins) high HDLs(High Density lipoproteins/good cholestrl) low in Na(sodium).b)RegularExercise c)Stress Management d)Elimination of caffeine(coffee,tea,soda) nicotine,alcohol(ETOH) e)Antihypertensive medication
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| DASH stands for | Diatary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
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| Shock is | any condition that reduces the heart's ability to pump(circulate) blood
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| Types of shock include | Hypovolemic shock*Neurogenic shock* Anaphylactic shock *Cardiogenic shock*Septic Shock
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| Hypovolemic Shock is caused by | fluid volume loss which can be caused by hemorrhage or dehydration(vomiting,diarrhea, diaphoresis/profuse sweating, severe burns)
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| Neurogenic shock is caused by | generalized vasodilation(increased diameter of the blood vessels) which can be caused by drugs(poisons), anesthesia, and brain or spinal cord injury
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| Anaphylactic shock is caused by an | exaggerated allergic response
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| Cardiogenic shock is caused by | extensive damage to the myocardiam(muscle layer of the heart)
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| Septic shock is caused by | one infection after another
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