The Respiratory System, Chapter 14
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| The oral cavity refers to the | mouth
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| Two structures located at the posterior(back) portion of the oral cavity are the | palatine tonsils
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| The tonsils are | lymph tissue
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| Lymph tissue is part of your | immune system
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| The nasal cavities refer to the | nose
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| The two meati(openings) of the nasa cavities are called | nostris or external nares
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| the hairs found lining the nasal cavities act as | screening devices
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| The nasal cavities are separated by the | nasal septum
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| The nasal cavities house the sense of smell referred to as the | olfactory sense
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| The nasal cavities are lined with | mucous membranes
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| Mucous membranes produce | mucus
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| The pharynx is AKA | throat
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| The orophaynx refers to the | oral cavity(mouth) and pharynx(throat)
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| Nasopharyngeal means | pertaining to the nasal cavity(nose) and pharynx(throat)
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| The adenoids are located in the | nasopharynx
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| The adenoids are | lymph tissue and part of your immune system
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| The nasopharynx also houses two ducts that lead to the middle ears called | Eustachian tubes
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| The function of the Eustachian tubes is to | equalize pressure between the middle ear and the outside environment in order to prevent tympanorrhexis (ear drum rupture)
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| The larynx is AKA | vocal cords or voice box
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| The larynx connects the | pharynx(throat) with the trachea(wind pipe)
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| Laryngopharynx(hypopharynx) refers to the | larynx(voice box or vocal cords) and pharynx(throat)
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| The larynx is support by pieces of | cartilage
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| The pieces of cartilage that support the larynx are called | 1.The thyroid cartilage 2.The epiglottis 3.The cricoid cartilage
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| The largest piece of cartilage is the | thyroid cartilage AKA "Adam's apple"
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| The epiglottis is the | "lid over the larynx"
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| The epiglottis is designed to | open when we breathe and close when we swallow
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| The glottis is the | space between the larynx(vocal cords, voice box)
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| The trachea is AKA the | windpipe
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| the bronchi are the | two main airway branches that bifurcate off the trachea(windpipe)
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| These two main brances are called the | right primary bronchus and the left primary bronchus
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| On entering the lungs the primary bronchi(plural) divide to form smaller bronchi called the | secondary(lobar) bronchi(plural)
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| The secondary or lobar bronchi(plural) continue to branch forming even smaller bronchi called | tertiary(3)(segmental) bronchi
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| Tertiary or segmental bronchi divide into smaller brances called | bronchioles(small branches)
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| Bronchioles finally branch into even smaller tubes called | terminal bronchioles
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| The terminal bronchioles subdivide into microscopic branches called | respiratory bronchoiles
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| The respiratory bronchioles further subdivide into | aveolar ducts
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| The aveolar ducts house the aveoli in the | alveolar sacs
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| The aveolar sacs house the | aveoli(respiration takes place)
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| This continuous branching of the trachea is referred to as the | bronchial tree
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| It is estimated that the average number of alveoli in a human is | 30 million
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| Every alveolus is surrounded by | capillaries
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| The alveoli are where | respiration occurs
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| Respiration involves two processes: | 1.External respiration-which is the exchange of gases that occurs between the lungs and the blood 2.Internal respiration which is the exchange of gases that occurs between the blood & body cells
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| Every cell of the body is surrounded by | capillaries
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| The actual exchange of the respiratory gases between the lungs, blood and cells occurs by | diffusion
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| Diffusion means | the process in which particles in a fluid or gas move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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| The cavity where the respiratory organs are found is the | thoracic cavity
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| The lungs are divided into sections called | lobes
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| The right lung has | 3 lobes(RUL, RML, RLL)
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| The left lung has | 2 lobes(LUL, LLL)
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| The primary bronchi(plural) are lined with small hair-like structures called | cilia
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| The purpose of the cilia is to | catch foreign particles that are inhaled during inspiration
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| As the cilia becomes saturated from the inhaled particles the mucous membranes that lined the respiratory tract will produce | mucus
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| The purpose of the mucus is to | trap the foreign particles
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| When enough mucus is produced the nervous system will trigger the | cough reflex
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| the cough reflex gives a person two choices | 1.Cough the mucus up and spit it out 2.Cough the mucus up and swallow it
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| A productive cough refers to a | cough where sputum is produced
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| A non-productive cough refers to a | dry cough(no sputum) such as croup(bark-like cough)
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| Antitussive refers to a | cough suppressant
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| The act of coughing up mucus is called | expectoration(expectorate)
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| The mucus expectorated is called | sputum or phlegm
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| Normal sputum(phlegm) appears | clear or white
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| Mucopurulent refers to | mucus & pus
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| Hemoptysis means | expectorating blood
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| Yellow, green or pungent sputum(phlegm) can indicate | infection
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| C&S stands for | Culture & Sensitivity
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| A C&S is performed to | grow antigens and determine the best antibiotic to treat the infection
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| Two membranous layers surround each lung called | pleurae(plural)
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| The purpose of the pleurae(plural) is to | protect the lungs from the ribs
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| The outermost pleural layer is called the | parietal pleura(singular)
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| The innermost pleural layer is called the | visceral pleura(singular)
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| Between the parietal and visceral pleurae(plural) is a space called the | pleural cavity(space)
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| The pleural cavity(space) contains | pleural fluid(lubricating fluid) to prevent friction between the parietal and visceral pleurae(plural) during ventilation(breathing)
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| Ventilation refers to | breathing
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| PFT stands for | Pulmonary Function Tests
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| Incentive spirometry (IS) is a | test to measure the ability to self ventilate
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| Tidal Volume(TV) | the amount of air inhaled & exhaled during normal ventilation(breathing)
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| Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV) | the volume of air that can be inhaled beyond a normal resting inspiration
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| Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV) | the volume of air that can be exhaled beyond a normal resting expiration
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| The process of moving air in and out of the lungs is called | ventilation(breathing)
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| The two phases of ventilation are | inhalation(inspiration) and exhalation(expiration)
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| The muscles primarily responsible for ventilation are the | 1.Diaphragm 2.Internal & external intercostals
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| ventilation is controlled by the respiratory center located in the | medulla oblongata
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| A ventilator refers to | a device that pushes air in and out of the lungs
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| Intubation (intubate) is | the process of inserting a tube
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| Intubation usually refers to an | Endotracheal Tube(ET)
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| The instrument used to insert an Endotracheal Tube(ET) is called a | laryngoscope
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| Ambu bag refers to a | bag that is used to ventilate an apnic patient
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| ABGs stands for | Arterial Blood Gases
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| oxygen saturation(SaO2) is | the amount of oxygen(O2)that has combined with(saturated) hemoglobin
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| Percentage of carbon dioxide(PCOs)is | the amount or Percentage of Carbon Dioxide(CO2) that has combined with hemoglobin
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| A nebulizer is a | device that delivers vaporized medicine(vaporizer)
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| CXR stands for | Chest X-Ray
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| NPPV stands for | Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation(a respiratory Tx)
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| Oximetry refers to | the process of measuring oxygen
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| Rales refers to | crackling sounds heard during ausculation(listening with a stethoscope)
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| Ausculation means | listening with a stethoscope
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| Rhonchi refers to | wheezing
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| Stridor refers to | a high pitched sound indicative of airway obstruction
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| RT(IT) stand for | Respiratory Therapy(Inhalation Therapy)
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| C-PAP stands for | Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
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| C-PAP is a treatment for | Obstructive Sleep Apnea(OSA)
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