Ancient Egypt
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| cataracts | strong rapids
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| delta | triangle-shaped area of land made of soil deposited by a river
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| pharaoh | title used by the rulers of Egypt
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| dynasty | series of rulers from the same family
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| Old Kingdom | period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700BC to 2200BC
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| nobles | people from rich and powerful families
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| acquire | to get
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| Menes | legendary Egyptian ruler, he unified Upper and Lower Egypt and built new capital city, Memphis
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| Khufu | Egyptian pharaoh who ruled during Old Kingdom and built many monuments to honor him
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| Ramses the Great | one of Egypt's greatest pharaohs who expanded the kingdom and built lasting temples at Karnak, Luxor, and Abu Simbel
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| Queen Hatshepsut | Egyptian queen who worked to increase trade and built many impressive monuments and temples
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| King Tutankhamen | Egyptian pharaoh who died while still a young king. The discovery of his tomb taught much about Egyptian culture
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| Piankhi | Ruler of Kush whose army captured all of Egypt
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| afterlife | life after death
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| mummies | specially treated bodies wrapped in cloth
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| elite | people of wealth
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| pyramids | huge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top
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| engineering | the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
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| method | a way of doing something
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| Middle Kingdom | period of order and stability that lasted until about 1750BC
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| New Kingdom | period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory
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| trade routes | paths followed by traders
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| contracts | binding legal agreements
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| hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing system
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| papyrus | long-lasting, paper-like material made from reeds
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| Rosetta Stone | a stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics. Its discovery gave historians what they needed to read ancient Egyptian writing.
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| sphinxes | imaginary creatures with the bodies of lions and the heads of other animals or humans
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| obelisk | a tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed on top. Usually stood on either side of a temple gate.
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| trade network | system of people in different lands who trade goods
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| merchants | traders who carried goods to different ports
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| exports | items sent out to other regions
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| imports | goods brought in from other regions
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| authority | power or influence
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| Queen Shanakhdakheto | first woman to rule Kush; has one of the largest pyramids in Meroe
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| King Ezana | Aksumite ruler who destroyed Meroe and took over Kush
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