Test 1 Material (Part 2 of 2)
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| list all multicellular exocrine glands involving compound structures of the ducts | compound tubular, compound alveolar, and compound tubularalveolar
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| what is an example of an unicellular exocrine gland | a goblet cell
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| how are multicellular exocrine glands classified | based on their structure of ducts and on their secretory portion
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| what are (3) types of secretion | mucous acinus, serous acinus, and mixed acinus
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| which type of secretion are thin & watery, and have small central lumen | serous acinus
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| which type of secretion have large central lumen, lots of carbohydrates, and are generally viscerous | mucous acinus
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| how are multicellular exocrine glands classified with regards to their structure of their glands | simple (branched & coiled) & compound
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| how are multicellular exocrine glands classified with regards to their shape of secretory portion | tubular, alveolar, and tubularalveolar
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| list all the multicellular exocrine glands involving simple type structral ducts | simple tubular, simple branched tubular, simple coiled tubular, simple alveolar, and simple branched alveolar
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| in what ways can secretion occur | holocrine, apocrine, and merocrine
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| what type of secretion occurs when a cell dies to release its contents (generally has a high mitotic rate) | holocrine
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| what type of secretion occurs when a portion of the cell pinches off causing a loss of some cytoplasm and cell membrane | apocrine
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| which type of secretion is the most common and releases by exocytosis from the surface of the cell | merocrine
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| what are cell junctions | a specalized attachment between adjacent cells
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| cell junctions are modifications of what membrane | plasma membrane
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| cell junctions act as what for adjacent cells | anchors
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| list all the type of cell junctions | tight junctions, zonula adhearensm desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions
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| what type of junction are water tight junctions | tight junctions
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| what do tight junctions prevent from passing between the cells | water soluble molecules
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| what fuzed tight junctions together | proteins
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| how can tight junctions be disrupted | lack of calcium
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| zonula adherens use proteins also, what anchors these proteins | actin microfilliments
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| what do hemidesmosomes attach together | the cell and the basel membrane
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| what type of cell junction are disc shaped and use cytoplasmic intermediate filliments for anchors | desmosomes
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| what cell junction is near the bottom layer between the cell | gap junction
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| do gap junctions hold cells together | no
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| what cell junction is not considered part of the terminal bar | gap junction
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| what do gap junctions allow to pass | ions and molecules (size and charge matter)
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| where are gap junctions important | in cardiac and smooth muscles cells, allowing muliply cells to act as one unit
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| what is the main purposes of microvilli, sterocillia, and cillia | increase surface area and move substances
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| microvilli are normally how long | 1 micrometer
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| what are microvill covered with | glycocalyx proteins
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| are microvilli motie or non-motile | non motile
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| described what sterocillia are | really long microvilli (misnamed)
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| what is the common name for cillia and flagella | axoneme
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| are cillia and flagella motie or non-motile | motile
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| do cillia or flagella move the cell around | flagella
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| what is the motor protein for cillia | axonemal dynein
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| what do cillia use for energy | ATP
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| what do axoneme (flagella & cillia) look in a cross section | contain 9 doublets of microtubles surrounding 2 single microtubules (9+2)
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| what do axoneme (flagella & cillia) look in a cross section in the base | 9 triplets of microtublues with no central microtubules (9+0)
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| decribed the a cell cycle | it's the orderly progression of events in the ife of a cell
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| what are the two divisons of cell divisions | interphase and mitosis
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| what are the phases of a cell | G1, S, G2, M
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| what is the first phase of in a cell cycle | G1 (gap 1)
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| what occurs during G1 | the cell carries out normal functions, synthesis of proteins, grows
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| how long does G1 phase last | it can last hours to years (variable)
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| what does the cell do before going into S phase of the cell cycle | enters a checkpoint to ensure the enviornment is right and DNA is intact
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| what is the second phase of a cell cycle | synthesis phase
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| what occurs during S phase | synthesis of DNA
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| how long does S phase last | 6-8 hours
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| what is the third phase in a cell cycle | G2 (gap 2)
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| how long does G2 phase last | 3-6 hours
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| what is synthesized during G2 | tublin for microtubulars
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| what is the purpose of a checkpoint at the end of G2 | determines if DNA is replicated correctly and ready for mitosis
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| what is the fourth phase of a cell cycle | mitosis
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| how long does mitosis last | 1-2 hours
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| what cycle keeps a cell staying in G1 phase | G0 phase
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| what are the phases of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| what breaks down during prophase | the nuclear envelope
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| prophase causes chromosomes to do what | condense
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| what is the second phase of mitosis | metaphase
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| where do chromosomes align during metaphase | midline / equator of cell
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| chromosomes seperate into sister chromatids at what phase of mitosis | metaphase
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| what phase is anaphase in mitosis | third phase
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| what happens to the chromosomes during anaphase | chromosomes move toward opposite poles
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| what is the final stage of mitosis | telophase
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| what feature is regenerated during telophase | nuclear envelope
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| what happens to chromosomes | chromosomes disperse
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| what is the division of cytoplasm | cytokinesis
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| what does apoptosis mean | programed cell death
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| where is apoptosis commonly seen | during embroyonic development
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| give an example of apoptosis during development | development of hands and feet
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| in adult tissue what does apoptosis help balance | cell division
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| cells are removed by apoptosis in adults because they are what | damaged or ineffective
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| does apoptosis cause an inflammatory response | no
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| external regulation of a cell allows specific receptors to bind to what | the cell surface
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| external regulation also send cytoplasmic signals to where | cellular componets
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| internal regulation involves what | cyclins and maturation promoting factor (MPF)
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| when does the concentration of cyclins increase | during interphase
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| when does the concentration of MPF increase | during entry into mitosis
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